ÍndiceIndex


GRAMMÀTICAGRAMMAR

E S S E N T I A L EESSENTIAL

L AT INA



J O R D I C A S S A N Y - B A T E S
JORDI CASSANY - BATES


Bucureste, Vía Neolatina, 2019 [Actualizzatione: 17/3/20] 2ª editione partiale, mellîorata et ampliata, de
Bucharest, Neolatina Way, 2019 [Update: 17/3/20] 2nd partial edition, improved and expanded, of

Elemèntos essenziales del romance neolatino,
Essential elements of the Neo-Latin romance,

òpera registrata lo 5 de janario de 2012 en lo
recorded opera on January 5, 2012 in the

Registre de la Propietat Intel·lectual de la Comunitat Valenciana
Intellectual Property Registry of the Valencian Community

con lo nómero de sollicitúdine V-20-12.
with the number of application V-20-12.


Uno projècto que communica los d i v è r s o s p ò p o l o s n e o l a t i n o s attravèrso de loro mesma “ lengua”: l o r o m a n c e ; et los divèrsos pòpolos europèos attravèrso de loros “lenguas” sorores: lo romance, lo germànico, lo slavo,...
A project that communicates the various Neolatinos through their own "language": romance ; and the various European peoples through their sister "languages": Romance , Germanic , Slavic ,...


2 0 0 6 - 2 0 2 0


www.neolatino.eu

"Lo latino continúa vivo en las lenguas romànicas, lo italiano, lo francese, lo espannîolo, etc., lenguas exitas de lo latino. En facto, ellas non son altra causa que lo latino reale de hòjje."
"Latin continues to live on in the Romance languages, Italian, French, Spanish, etc., languages born from Latin. In fact, they are nothing other than the real Latin of today."

Wilfried Stroh, Universitate de Mònaco de Baviera (2009: 13)
Wilfried Stroh, University of Munich (2009: 13)


"Per comparatione et contrasto entre las divèrsas lenguas romànicas èst possíbile arripare ad unos tractos communes que comparten totas ellas, aut en la soa majoritate, mais que diffèren de lo latino escripto et normativo. Cuestos tractos se explican per que son desveloppos de lo latino parlato et colloquiale (familiaris), extenduto per tota la Romania (territòrios latinoparlantes de lo Impèrio) ante de que cuesta se dividesse en distintas communitates socio-políticas depòs las invasiones estrangèras et se accentuassen las differèntias locales."
"By comparison and contrast between the various Romance languages ​​it is possible to arrive at some common features that all of them share, high in their majority, but that differ from written and normative Latin. These features are explained because they are developed from spoken Latin et colloquiale ( familiaris ), extended throughout Romania (Latin-speaking territories of the Empire) before it became divided into different socio-political communities after foreign invasions and local differences were accentuated.

Alfredo Encuentra, Universitate de Zaragoza (2011: 14)
Alfredo Encuentra, University of Zaragoza (2011: 14)


"Malgrado la grande variatione que offèren los idiomas romànicos, la soa evolutione et las soas structuras presèntan tantos tractos communes que se pòte parlare de uno tipo linguístico romànico. Ello èst devuto non solo ad uno patrimònio lèxico heredetato et una idiosincrasía structurale communes, mais altrosí ad la constante presèntia de modèllos grammaticales et textuales latinos en la cultura de Occidènte et ad las recíprocas influèntias en divèrsas èpocas de las culturas romana et romànicas."
"Despite the great variation offered by Romance languages, their evolution and structures present so many common traits that one can speak of a Romance linguistic type. This is due not only to a shared lexical heritage and common structural idiosyncrasies, but also to the constant presence of Latin grammatical and textual models in Western culture and to the reciprocal influences at various times between Roman and Romance cultures."

Miguel Metzeltin, Universitate de Viènna (2004: 45)
Miguel Metzeltin, University of Vienna (2004: 45)


"Cuello plus notàbile de lo romance èst [...] quànto non ha cambiato, quànto stàbiles han remanuto las lenguas ad lo lòngo de doos mille annos, de manaria que en cèrto sènso pòten sequire essèndo consideratas una única unitate linguística."
"The most remarkable thing about Romance is [...] how much it has not changed, how stable the languages ​​have remained over the course of two thousand years, so that in a sense they can continue to be considered a single linguistic unit.

Rebecca Posner, Universitate de Òxford (1996: 283)
Rebecca Posner, University of Oxford (1996: 283)


"Totos los mèmbros de la familia [latina] sapen, aut sènten, que las frontarias entre las loros lenguas son frontarias transparèntes, que se pòten traversare en qualonque momènto, spontàneamente et sene formalitate."
"All members of the [Latin] family know, or feel, that the boundaries between their languages are transparent boundaries, which can be crossed at any moment, spontaneously and without formality."

Unione Latina1Latin Union


"Non èst impossíbile concepere una interlengua romànica."
"It is not impossible to conceive a Romance interlanguage."

Rebecca Posner, Universitate de Òxford (1996: 344)
Rebecca Posner, University of Oxford (1996: 344)


1 http://www.unilat.org/SG/Organisation/Presentation/Latinite/index.fr.asp (30/05/10)
1 http://www.unilat.org/SG/Organisation/Presentation/Latinite/index.en.asp (30/05/10)

ÍNDICEINDEX

  1. PRÒLOGO 6PROLOGUE 6

  2. INTRODUCTIONE 8

    2. 1. DESCRIPTIONE DE LA ÒPERA 9
    2. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERA 9

    2. 2. ABBREVIATURAS ET SÍMBOLOS 10
    2. 2. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 10

  3. SÒNOS ET ORTOGRAFÍA 13
    SOUNDS AND SPELLING 13

    3. 1. SÒNOS FUNDAMENTALES ET VARIANTES 13
    3.1. FUNDAMENTAL SOUNDS AND VARIANTS 13

    3. 1. 1. VOCALES 16
    3. 1. 1. VOWELS 16

    3. 1. 2. CONSONANTES 18
    3. 1. 2. CONSONANTS 18

    3. 2. ORTOGRAFÍA 21
    3. 2. SPELLING 21

    3. 2. 1. ABECEDARIO 21
    3. 2. 1. ALPHABET 21

    3. 2. 2. MÚLTIPLES ORTOGRAFÍAS ROMÀNICAS 22
    3. 2. 2. MULTIPLE ROMANIC SPELLINGS 22

    3. 2. 3. UNA ORTOGRAFÍA NEOLATINA INTUITIVA ET FLEXÍBILE 24
    3. 2. 3. AN INTUITIVE AND FLEXIBLE NEO-LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY 24

    3. 2. 5. ACCENTUATIONE 35
    3. 2. 5. ACCENTUATION 35

    3. 3. PRONUNTIATIONE 36
    3. 3. PRONUNCIATION 36

    3. 3. 1. QUANTITATE VOCÀLICA 36
    3. 3. 1. VOWEL QUANTITY 36

    3. 3. 2. QUANTITATE CONSONÀNTICA 37
    3. 3. 2. QUANTITATIVE CONSONANCE 37

    3. 3. 3. SIMPLIFICATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS 38
    3. 3. 3. CONSONANT SIMPLIFICATIONS 38

    3. 3. 4. ASSIMILATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS 39
    3. 3. 4. CONSONANT ASSIMILATIONS 39

    3. 3. 4. REFORTSAMÈNTO FONETICOSINTÀCTICO 39
    3. 3. 4. PHONETIC-SYNTACTIC REFORMULATION 39

    3. 3. 5. PRONUNTIATIONES REGIONALES 42
    3. 3. 5. REGIONAL PRONUNCIATIONS 42

  4. MORFOLOGÍA NOMINALE 44
    NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY 44

    4. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES 44
    4. 1. GENERAL QUESTIONS 44

    4. 2. SUBSTANTIVOS ET ADJECTIVOS: GÈNERE 44
    4.2. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: GENDER 44

    4. 3. SUBSTANTIOS ET ADJECTIVOS: NÚMERO 45
    4. 3. SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES: NUMBER 45

    4. 4. PRONOMES PERSONALES 46
    4. 4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 46

    4. 5. RELATIVOS 46
    4. 5. RELATIVES 46

    4. 6. ARTÍCULOS 47
    4. 6. ARTICLES 47

    4. 7. POSSESSIVOS 47
    4. 7. POSSESSIVES 47

    4. 8. DEMOSTRATIVOS 48
    4. 8. DEMONSTRATIVES 48

    4. 9. INTERROGATIVOS 48
    4. 9. INTERROGATIVES 48

    4. 10. INDEFINITOS ET QUANTITATIVOS 48
    4. 10. INDEFINITE AND QUANTITATIVE 48

    4. 11. NUMERALES 49
    4. 11. NUMERALS 49

  5. MORFOLOGÍA VERBALE 51
    VERBAL MORPHOLOGY 51

    5. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES 51
    5. 1. GENERAL QUESTIONS 51

    5. 1. 1. FLEXIONE 51
    5. 1. 1. FLEXION 51

    5. 1. 2. VÈRBOS AUXILIARES 53
    5. 1. 2. AUXILIARY VERBS 53

    5. 2. VÈRBOS REGULARES 53
    5. 2. REGULAR VERBS 53

    5. 2. 1. CONJUGATIONES 53
    5. 2. 1. CONJUGATIONS 53

    5. 2. 2. MODÈLLOS DE LAS CONJUGATIONES 54
    5. 2. 2. MODELS OF CONJUGATIONS 54

    5. 4. MORFÈMAS VERBALES 56
    5.4. VERBAL MORPHEMES 56

    5. 4. 1. VOCALE TEMÀTICA 56
    5. 4. 1. THEMATIC VOCAL 56

    5. 4. 2. PERSONA, NÚMERO 57
    5. 4. 2. PERSONA, NUMBER 57

    5. 4. 3. TÈMPO, ASPÈCTO, MÒDO 58
    5. 4. 3. TIME, ASPECT, MODE 58

    5. 5. ALTERANANTIAS 61
    5. 5. ALTERNATIVES 61

    5. 5. 1. ALTERNANTIAS ACCENTUALES 62
    5. 5. 1. ACCENTUAL ALTERNATIONS 62

    5. 5. 2. ALTERATIONES VOCÀLICAS 63
    5. 5. 2. VOWEL ALTERATIONS 63

    5. 5. 3. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (1) 65
    5. 5. 3. CONSONANT ALTERATIONS (1) 65

    5. 5. 4. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (2): PER IÒD 67
    5. 5. 4. CONSONANT ALTERATIONS (2): PER IÒD 67

    5. 5. 5. VÈRBOS CON INFIXO –ESC- / –ISC 69
    5. 5. 5. VERBS WITH INFIX –ESC- / –ISC 69

    5. 5. 6. ALTRAS ALTERNANTIAS 71
    5. 5. 6. OTHER ALTERNATIVES 71

    5. 5. 7. MODÈLLOS CON ALTERNANTIAS 72
    5. 5. 7. MODELS WITH ALTERNATIVES 72

    5. 6. VÈRBOS IRREGULARES 96
    5. 6. IRREGULAR VERBS 96

  6. LÈXICO INVARIÀBILE 106
    INVARIABLE LEXICON 106

    6. 1. CONJUNCTIONES 106
    6. 1. CONJUNCTIONS 106

    6. 2. PREPOSITIONES 106
    6. 2. PREPOSITIONS 106

    6. 2. 1. PREPOSITIONES DE LÒCO 106
    6. 2. 1. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE 106

    6. 2. 2. PREPOSITIONES DE TÈMPO 107
    6. 2. 2. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 107

    6. 3. ADVÈRBIOS 107
    6. 3. ADVERBS 107

    6. 3. 1. AFFIRMATIONE, NEGATIONE 107
    6. 3. 1. AFFIRMATION, NEGATION 107

    6. 3. 2. LÒCO 107

    6. 3. 3. TÈMPO 107
    6. 3. 3. TIME 107

    6. 3. 4. MANARIA, QUANTITATE ET ALTROS 107
    6. 3. 4. MANARIA, QUANTITY AND OTHERS 107

    6. 3. 5. ADVÈRBIOS EN –MENTE 107
    6. 3. 5. ADVERBS IN –MENTE 107

  7. SINTAXE 109

    7. 1. SINTAGMA NOMINALE 109
    7. 1. NOMINAL SYNTAGMA 109

    7. 2. SINTAGMA VERBALE 109
    7. 2. VERBAL SYNTAGMA 109

    7. 2. STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS ESSENTIALES 109
    7. 2. ESSENTIAL SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES 109

    7. 3. ALTRAS STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS 109
    7. 3. OTHER SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES 109

  8. APPENDICES 111

    8. 1. ALTERNANTIAS DE LOS VÈRBOS ESSENTIALES 111
    8. 1. ALTERNATIONS OF THE ESSENTIAL VERBS 111

    8. 2. REVISIONE DE LO NEOLATINO (2012 vs. actuale) 124
    8.2. REVISION OF NEOLATIN (2012 vs. current) 124

  9. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 131
    BIBLIOGRAPHY 131

  1. PRÒLOGOPROLOGUE

    Los pòpolos latinos, tanto entro Euròpa quanto fòra, mancan de uno modèllo de lengua (neo)latina commune dès que lo latino et pòs lo francese han essuto desplattsatos en la communicatione internationale per una lengua de orígine germànico, lo anglese, de crescènte uso globale.
    Latin peoples, both within Europe and outside, lack a common (neo)Latin language model since Latin and then French have been displaced in international communication by a language of Germanic origin, English, of increasing global use .

    Por facilitare et altrosí dignificare la communicatione inter- et panlatina actuale, lo projècto Vía Neolatina ha recuperato et actualizzato lo latino, orígine de las lenguas neolatinas aut romànicas et traditionale stàndarde commune. Lo modèllo de lengua que presènta cui èst una síntese de la variatione romànica que pròva de essere representativa de lo ensèmole; una varietate nòva et commune mais en lo mesmo tèmpo naturale et plurale que permette ad lo usuario communicare-se en toto lo Mondo Latino adaptando-la ad los soos interèsses et necessitates. Èst útile tanto ad latinos quanto ad non latinos que necessitan una pòrta de ingrèsso centrale ad lo romance, uno pònte vèrso divèrsos romances particulares.
    To facilitate and also dignify the current inter- and pan-Latin communication, the Vía Neolatina project has recovered and updated Latin, the origin of the Neo-Latin or Romance languages and the traditional common standard. The language model presented is a synthesis of the Romance variation that aims to be representative of the ensemble; a new and common variety but at the same time natural and plural that allows the user to communicate throughout the Latin World, adapting it to their interests and needs. It is useful for both Latinos and non-Latinos who need a central gateway to Romance, a bridge towards various specific Romances.

    Cuesta Slopepropòstaproposal de stàndarde, que pòte essere clamata 'romance neolatino' aut 'NEOLATINO', recòrda ad la
    the standards, which can be called 'Romance Neolatin' or 'NEOLATINO', recalls to the
    lingua romana
    Romanian language
    (1889) de Stefan George (Alemannîa), una lengua poètica que lo escriptore usau en parte de la soa òpera lírica. En plus, èst molto semelante ad lo
    (1889) by Stefan George (Alemannia), a poetic language that the writer used in part of his lyrical work. Moreover, it is very similar to the
    neolatinoneolatin (1947) de André Schild (Esviza) et lo
    (1947) by André Schild (Esviza) and the
    internacional
    international
    (1948) de João Campos Lima (Portugale), propòstos por la communicatione internationale como alternativa ad lo esperanto; ad la
    (1948) by João Campos Lima (Portugal), proposed for international communication as an alternative to Esperanto; to the
    interlingua romanicaromance (2001) de Richard Sorfleet (Canadà) et Josu Lavin (Espannîa, Paese Basco) et lo
    (2001) by Richard Sorfleet (Canada) and Josu Lavin (Spain, Basque Country) and the
    interromanicointerromanic (2017) de Raymund Zacharias (Alemannîa) et Thiago Sanctus (Brasile), propòstos por la communicatione panlatina; et ad lo
    (2017) by Raymund Zacharias (Germany) and Thiago Sanctus (Brazil), proposed for pan-Latin communication; and to the lo
    olivarianu (2010) de Clayton Cardoso (Brasile), creato por uno mondo de fictione (la romànicamente cèntrica “ísola de Olivaria”, en lo mare de Sardennîa). Lo anàlise comparativo de cuestas “lenguas” mòstra que son, pròpriamente, variantes de uno mesmo modèllo de lengua (neo)latino, “(re)creato” independèntmente per divèrsos auctores en divèrsos lòcos et tèmpos. Una lengua que, donque, non èst inventata né artificiale.
    (2010) by Clayton Cardoso (Brazil), created by a world of fiction (the Romance-centric "Olivaria Island", in the sea of ​​Sardinia). The comparative analysis of these "languages" shows that they are, in fact, variants of the same model of (neo) Latin language, "(re)created" independently by several authors in several places and times. A language that, therefore, is neither invented nor artificial.

    Vía Neolatina reúne cuestos precedèntes et antecedèntes et continúa lo lavoro, inspirando- se plus fidelemente en las codificationes realizzatas de manaria planificata per specialistas por múltiples lenguas romànicas (catalano, occitano, gallèco, grisone, etc.) et de altro orígine (cèco, norvegese –nynorsk-, grèco, basco, etc.) en los últimos doos sècolos. Los linguistias de Vía Neolatina han codificato lo neolatino tanto scientíficamente quanto ha essuto possíbile secondo claros principios en lo contèxto de la linguística applicata. Gratias ad cuesto, lo neolatino èst, acora sí, una lengua complètamente romànica.
    Vía Neolatina brings together previous and antecedent issues and continues the work, inspiring itself more faithfully in the codifications carried out in a planned manner by specialists for multiple Romance languages ​​(Catalan, Occitan, Gallic, Grisone, etc.) and other origins (Norwegian, etc.). – Nynorsk -, Greek, Basque, etc.) in the last two centuries. The linguists of Vía Neolatina have codified Neolatin as much scientifically as has been possible according to clear principles in the context of applied linguistics. Thanks to this, Neo-Latin is, now, a completely Romance language.

    Per exèmplo, mancavan sònos como las consonantes /ɲ/ et /ʎ/, desconoscutas en latino clàssico mais pròprios de quasi totas las varietates romànicas, inclusive las sèx lenguas plus grandes:
    For example, sounds such as the consonants /ɲ/ and /ʎ/ were missing, unknown in classical Latin but typical of almost all Romance varieties, including the six largest languages:

  2. INTRODUCTIONEINTRODUCTION

    Cuesta Grammàtica Essentiale Neolatina et lo Dictionario Essentiale Neolatino elaborato parallèlamente son una nòva contributione de lo projècto Vía Neolatina ad lo procèsso de codificatione panromànica. La grammàtica et lo lèxico que propònen han essuto definitos sequèndo unos principios de desegno que intègran las teorías científicas de la linguística applicata ad la codificatione et las pràcticas de divèrsas codificationes exsistèntes (principalemente, las romànicas plus recèntes). Lo modèllo de lengua resultante correge et mellîora, en qualques pontos, la propòsta initiale facta per Vía Neolatina (Cassany, 2012)3.
    This Essential Neolatin Grammar and the Essential Neolatin Dictionary elaborated in parallel are a new contribution of the Vía Neolatina project to the process of pan-Romance codification. The grammar and vocabulary they propose have been defined according to design principles that integrate the scientific theories of linguistics applied to the codification and the practices of various existing codifications (mainly the most recent Romance). The resulting language model corrects and improves, in some points, the initial proposal made by Vía Neolatina (Cassany, 2012 ) 3 .

    En espèra de futuras editiones plus complètas (et mellîoratas et corrèctas de possíbiles errores), las versiones actuales de la Grammàtica et lo Dictionario offèren unos elemèntos essentiales. Con ellos, lo lectore que conosce una varietate de romance ja pòte initiare-se fàcilemente en lo uso de lo romance neolatino, tanto escripto quanto orale. Altros elemèntos de lo romance neolatino non definitos en cuestas òperas pòten essere supplitos per lo pròprio usuario con uno pauco de ‘instincto romànico’4.
    Awaiting future, more complete (and improved and corrected for possible errors) editions, the current versions of the Grammar and the Dictionary offer some essential elements. With them, the reader who knows a variety of Romance can easily begin to use Neo-Latin Romance, both written and oral. Other elements of Neo-Latin Romance not defined in these works can be supplied by the user themselves with a little bit of 'Romance instinct' 4.

    Lo lectore interessato troparà, en la òpera Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino
    The interested reader will find, in the work Principles of Design of the Neo-Latin Romance

    (Cassany, 2017), una presentatione de lo projècto Vía Neolatina et una expositione de:
    (Cassany, 2017), a presentation of the Vía Neolatina project and an exhibition of:

Si havetes qualque demanda aut suggerimènto, contactate-nos cui: http://neolatino.eu/nos.html
If you have any questions or suggestions, contact us at: http://neolatino.eu/nos.html


3 Los principales cambios son listatos en lo tèrtso appendice.
The main changes are listed in the attached appendix.

4 Símplicemente, adaptando las formas de lo romance que ja cognosce (aut, preferèntemente, de lo romance plus centrale et símile ad lo neolatino: lo italiano) sequèndo lo exèmplo de los elemèntos cui descriptos. Lo usuario plus exigènte, pòte cercare formas plus neolatinas comparando las de divèrsos romances (por cuesto troparà, en la bibliografía, libros et ligàmenes útiles) et applicando los critèrios et recursos de codificatione expòstos en Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino (Cassany, 2017).
4 Simply, adapting the forms of the Romance he already knows (high, preferably, from the most central Romance and similar to the Neo-Latin: Italian) following the example of the elements described. The more demanding user can search for more Neo-Latin forms by comparing those of several novels (for this reason he will find, in the bibliography, useful books and links) and applying the criteria and resources of codification exposed in Principles of design of the Neo-Latin novel (Cassany, 2017 ).

  1. 1. DESCRIPTIONE DE LA ÒPERA
    1. DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERA

    La presènte òpera expòne de manaria brève et pràctica los elemèntos grammaticales essentiales de uno romance neolatino:
    The present work briefly and practically exposes the essential grammatical elements of a Neo-Latin Romance.

En lo appendice se presèntan los cambios (correctiones et mellîoras) de lo modèllo neolatino actuale respècto ad lo propòsto per Vía Neolatina initialemente, en 2012.
The appendix presents the changes (corrections et mellîoras) of the current neolatino model with respect to the proposal for Vía Neolatina initially, in 2012.

  1. 2. ABBREVIATURAS ET SÍMBOLOS
    2. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

    En la sequènte tabèlla potetes consultare las abbreviaturas et símbolos de divèrso tipo usatos en la presènte òpera.
    In the following table, you can consult the abbreviations and symbols of various types used in the present work.



    SIGNIFICATOMEANING

    EXÈMPLOSEXAMPLES

    acc.

    accusativoaccusative

    SN. + V. + SN. (acc.)
    Subject + Verb + Object (acc.)

    Josepe ama la vita.
    Josepe loves life.

    adj., adj., ADJ.

    adjectivoadjective

    adj. ràpida f. sg. adv. ràpidamente
    adj. fast f. sg. → adv. quickly

    SN. + V. (essere) + ADJ.
    SN. + V. (to be) + ADJ.

    Josepe èst simpàtico.
    Josepe is nice.

    adv., adv.

    advèrbioadverb

    adj. ràpida f. sg. adv. ràpidamente
    adj. fast f. sg. → adv. quickly

    ART.

    artículoarticle

    ART. [det./indet.] + (ADJ.) N. (+ADJ.)
    ART. [det./indet.] + (ADJ.) N. (+ADJ.)

    Los professores jóvenes.
    The young teachers.

    Cas.Case.

    castellanoSpanish

    Cas. hierro, fuerte
    Iron case, strong

    Cat.

    catalanocatalan

    Cat. ferro, fort
    Cat. iron, strong

    cf.

    compara (lat confer)
    compare (lat confer)

    estrata (cf. vía)
    strata (cf. way)

    conj.

    conjugationeconjugation

    -are (deriva de la conj. 1ª latina)
    -are (derived from the 1st conjugation in Latin)

    dat.

    dativodative

    SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) + SN. (dat.)
    Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Indirect Object.

    Josepe dà la informatione ad uno
    Josepe gives the information to one.

    collèga.colleague.

    der.the.

    derivatoderivative

    [s]oleil der.sun of the.

    det.the.

    determinatodetermined

    ART. [det./indet.]

    etim.

    etimològicoetymological

    rhetòrica (variante etim. de retòrica)
    rhetoric (etymological variant of rhetoric)

    eur.

    (portughese) europèoEuropean

    eur. ca[β]ra

    f., f.

    femeninofemale

    bòno m. bòna f.
    bòna f. → bòno m.

    Fra.

    franceseFrench

    Fra. fer, fort

    ger.

    gerundiogerund

    sequire [ger. et ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-]
    sequire [ger. and ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-]

    indet.

    indeterminato
    indeterminate

    ART. [det./indet.]

    inno.

    innovatione propòsta per lo projècto
    proposed innovation for the project

    Via Neolatina.

    inno. deante (de)

    inv.

    invariàbile, sene flexione
    invariable, without inflection

    hi èst sg. ·hi son pl. / hi ha inv.
    hi is sg. ·hi are pl. / there is inv.

    irr.

    vèrbo molto irregulare
    very irregular verb

    havere: irr.
    to have: irr.

    Ita.Yes.

    italianoItalian

    Ita. ferro, forteIron, strong

    lat.

    Lat.

    latino

    –ire (conj. 4ª lat.)
    –ire (conj. 4th lat.)

    Lat. vul AUD < Lat. AUT

    lia.

    liaison

    che[z] lia.

    m., m.

    masculinomale

    bòno m. bòna f.
    bòna f. → bòno m.

    n., n.

    nèutroneutral

    3ª ps. sg. n. ello
    3rd person singular neuter it

    nom.name.

    nominativonominative

    SN. + V. (essere) + SN. (nom.)
    Subject + Verb (to be) + Subject Noun (nominative).

    Josepe èst studènte.
    Josepe is a student.

    Occ.

    occitanoOccitan

    Occ. p[y]r

    pl., pl.

    pluraleplural

    pl. m. govèrnos
    pl. m. governments

    Por.For.

    romance portughese
    Portuguese romance

    Por. ferro, forte
    By. iron, strong

    pp.

    participio de passato
    past participle

    pp. apèrtopp. open

    ppr.

    participio de presènte
    present participle

    sequire [ger. et ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-]
    sequire [ger. and ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-]

    pron.

    pronomepronoun

    n. (pron.)

    Rum.

    rumènoRomanian

    Rum. fierRum. fire

    sg., sg.

    singularesingular

    pron.

    Lei sg., Loro pl., Voi pl.
    You sg., They pl., You pl.

    SN.

    sintagma nominalenoun phrases

    SN. + V. + SN. (acc.)
    Subject + Verb + Object (acc.)

    Josepe ama la vita.
    Josepe loves life.

    SP.

    sintagma prepositionale
    prepositional phrase

    SN. + V. + SP.

    Josepe dòrme en lo hostale.
    Josepe sleeps in the hostel.

    V.

    vèrboverb

    SN. + V. + SN. (acc.)
    Subject + Verb + Object (acc.)

    Josepe ama la vita.
    Josepe loves life.

    va.

    vèrbo auxiliare
    auxiliary verb

    va.

    haverehave

    var.

    variantevariant

    astma (var. asthma)
    asthma (var. asthma)

    ved.

    vedeteyou see

    ved. § 3.1.2.3.4§ 3.1.2.3.4

    vi.

    vèrbo intransitivo
    intransitive verb

    vi.

    bassîare, descendere
    to descend, to go down

    vn.

    vèrbo non personale
    impersonal verb

    vn.

    havere-hi, èssere-hi
    have-be, be-be

    vr.

    vèrbo reflexivo
    reflexive verb

    vr.

    arrestare-se, detenere-se
    to arrest oneself, to detain oneself

    vrp.

    vèrbo reflexivo pronominale
    reflexive pronominal verb

    vrp.

    ire-se-ne

    vt.

    vèrbo transitivo
    transitive verb

    vt.

    abbassîare, bassîare

    vti.

    vèrbo transitivo et intransitivo
    transitive and intransitive verb

    vti.

    bassîare

    vti.

    cantaresing

    §

    sectionesection

    ved. § 3.1.2.3.4§ 3.1.2.3.4

    -

    initio de paraula
    beginning of the word

    z- de orígine grèco
    of Greek origin

    finale de paraulafinal word

    sufixo grèco –iz
    Greek suffix –iz

    - -

    interiore de paraula
    interior of the word

    infixo incoativo -ISC-
    inchoative infix -ISC-

    [ ]

    transcriptione fonètica secondo lo Alfabèto Fonètico Internationale.
    phonetic transcription according to the International Phonetic Alphabet.

    [‘lɛ:ʤeɾe]‘lɛ:ʤeɾe

    \
    Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.

    variante grammaticale
    grammatical variant

    alcuno\alcunsome

    /

    variante (geogràfica, stilística,...)
    variant (geographical, stylistic,...)

    cantarà/cantaràt
    will sing/will you sing

    [bd]/[d:]

    alègre/alègra f. sg.
    cheerful/happy f. sg.


    The source text appears to be a symbol (∤) rather than a word or phrase that can be translated. Please provide a different text for translation.

    optionesoptions

    la quale∤quala fwhich

    (la quale / la quala)
    (the one / the one)

    < >

    grafèma(s) (ved. § 3.2.2)
    grapheme(s) (see § 3.2.2)

    <c>: [ʧ] ante <e, i>
    : [ʧ] before

    <

    provène de, have lo orígine en
    comes from, has its origin in

    lopos < acc.

    #

    arcaicoarchaic

    Fra. # châti[ɣ]erTo punish

    *

    antico aut minoritario
    ancient or minority

    Cas. * ra[ʣ]ón
    Cas. * reason

    =

    terminatione de una variante
    termination of a variant

    tèrtso =sa f

    (tèrtso m. · tèrtsa f.)


    The source text appears to be a symbol (≠) rather than a phrase or sentence. In English, this symbol is read as "not equal to."

    terminatione de var. geogràfica, stilística,...
    termination of var. geographical, stylistic,...

    adj. generale ≠la f. sg.
    general adj. ≠f. sg.

    (generale m. et f. / generala f.)
    (general m. and f. / general f.)

    quale ≠la fwhich ≠the f

    (quale m. et f. / quala f.)
    which m. and f. / which f.

    ·
    Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.

    variante morfològica
    morphological variant

    lo m·la f·los m pl·las f. pl
    The bad flowers in the fields.

    +

    additioneaddition

    vocale temàtica + -ndo (exèmplo: -a-ndo)
    thematic vocal + -ndo (example: -a-ndo)

    SN + V + SN (acc.)
    Subject + Verb + Object (acc.)

    [ʦ]: <ts>, <t> + i + vocal
    [ʦ]: , + i + vowel


    En la sectione § 3.1:
    In section § 3.1:

    fondobackground

    non allòfono
    non-allophone

    [ø]

    fondobackground

    allòfono menos reconoscíbile
    less recognizable allophone

    [ɔ̃̃̃̃]

    fondobackground

    allòfono plus reconoscíbile
    allophone plus recognizable

    [ə]

    fondobackground

    fonèmaphoneme

    /e/


    En la sectione § 5.6:
    In section § 5.6:

    solineato

    síllaba aut vocale accentuata 5
    accented syllable or vowel 5

    cant-a-v-a-moswe can't go

    remarcato (en § 8.1)
    remarked (in § 8.1)

    irregularitates que se vòlen exemplificare
    irregularities that want to be exemplified

    est-à-sis it to be

    remarcato (en § 8.1)
    remarked (in § 8.1)

    “irregularitates” pròprias de la conjugatione. Ved. § 5.2.
    "irregularities" specific to the conjugation. See § 5.2.

    dev-è-ndo

    remarcato (en § 8.1)
    remarked (in § 8.1)

    altras irregularitates, exemplificatas con altros vèrbos. Ved. § 5.4.
    other irregularities, exemplified with other verbs. See § 5.4.

    tèn-e-s

    remarcato (en § 8.1)
    remarked (in § 8.1)

    vèrbo irregulare
    irregular verb

    èssereto be


    5 Cueste símbolo sèrve en cuesta òpera de advertimènto. Non forma parte de la ortografia propòsta. Ved. § 3.2.4.
    5 This symbol serves as a warning. It is not part of the proposed spelling. See § 3.2.4.

    ÍndiceIndex

  2. SÒNOS ET ORTOGRAFÍA
    SOUNDS AND SPELLING

  1. 1. SÒNOS FUNDAMENTALES ET VARIANTES
    1. FUNDAMENTAL SOUNDS AND VARIANTS

    Con la evolutione de lo latino ad lo romance, lo repertòrio de sònos ha cambiato, ha crescuto, et lo resultato èst divèrso en las distinctas varietates romànicas. Non obstante, la majoritate de sònos que hi son presèntes actualemente pòten essere integratos en lo sistèma neolatino como sònos fundamentales aut variantes soas, cuesto èst como fonèmas aut allòfonos.
    With the evolution of Latin into Romance, the repertoire of sounds has changed, has grown, and the result is diverse in the different Romance varieties. Nevertheless, the majority of sounds that are currently present can be integrated into the Neo-Latin system as fundamental sounds or their variants, which are like phonemes or allophones.


8 La ortografía neolatina pròva de evitare cueste tipo de lecturas erròneas, mais qualques son inevitàbiles. Ved. §
The Neo-Latin spelling tries to avoid this type of erroneous readings, but some are inevitable. See §

3.2.2 et § 3.2.3.
3.2.2 and § 3.2.3.

9 Las abbreviaturas et símbolos pòten essere consultatas en § 2.2.
9 The abbreviations and symbols can be consulted in § 2.2.

3. 1. 1. VOCALES
3. 1. 1. VOWELS



VOCALESVOWELS

Lòco de articulatione
Articulation site

ORALES

AnterioresPrevious

CentralesCentrals

PosterioresLater

Grado de apertura
Degree of openness

ClausaClause

/i/

[y]

[ɨ]



/u/

Quasi clausaQuasi clause







Mèjja clausaClosed table

/e/

[ø]




/o/

MèjjaTable



[ə]



Mèjja apèrtaOpen table

/ɛ/

[œ]




/ɔ/

Quasi apèrtaQuasi open



[ɐ]



ApèrtaOpen

/a/




[ɑ][a]




VOCALESVOWELS

Lòco de articulatione
Articulation site

NASALIZZATASNASALIZED

AnterioresPrevious

CentralesCentrals

PosterioresLater

Grado de apertura
Degree of openness

ClausaClause

[ĩ]





[]

Quasi clausaQuasi clause







Mèjja clausaClosed table

[ẽ̃]





[]

MèjjaTable






Mèjja apèrtaOpen table

[ɛ̃̃]

[œ̃̃]




[ɔ̃̃̃̃]

Quasi apèrtaQuasi open



[ɐ̃̃]



ApèrtaOpen





[ɑ̃̃]



La sequènte tabèlla presènta exèmplos de uso de cata sòno vocàlico:
The following table presents examples of the use of each vowel sound:



NEO

POR
Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.

CAS

CAT

FRA

ITA
Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.

RUM

ClausasClauses

[i]

[i]dolo f[i]loidol son

/[i]lla 10/i]lla 10

[i]dolo f[i]oidol son

[e]lathe

[i]dolo h[i]loidol halo

[e]llashe

[i]dol

f[i]l

[e]llashe

[i]dole f[i]l

[e]lleshe

[i]dolo f[i]loidol son

[e]llashe

[i]dol

f[i]r

[e]a[a]e

[ĩ]

c[i]nquefive

c[ĩ]co

c[i]ncofive

c[i]nc

c[ɛ̃̃]qcinq

c[i]nquefive

c[i]nci

[y]

[u]rna

l[u]namoon

[u]rna

l[u]a

[u]rna

l[u]namoon

[u]rna 11RNA 11

ll[u]na12

[y]rne

l[y]neline

[u]rna

l[u]namoon

[u]rnă

l[u]nămoon

[ɨ]

13

rom[a]noroman

[e]n

* rom[ɐ̃̃]o

[ɐ]m

rom[a]noroman

[e]n

rom[a]

[ə]n

rom[ã]

[ɑ̃̃]

rom[a]noroman

[i]nin

rom[ɨ]n

[ɨ]n

[u]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[u]rna

l[u]namoon

/b[u]cca 14

[u]rna

l[u]a

b[o]camouth

[u]rna

l[u]namoon

b[o]camouth

[u]runa ll[u]namoonlight

b[o]camouth

[y]rne

# l[u]ne b[u]che 15
# the b[u]che 15

[u]rna

l[u]namoon

b[o]ccamouth

[u]rnă

l[u]moon

b[u]

[ũ]

[u]nono

[ũ]

[u]nono

[u]n[n]

[œ̃̃]

[u]nono

[u]n[n]


10 Variante de Neo. [e]lla. Cf. Sar. [i]dda.
10 Variant of Neo. [she]. Cf. Sar. [it]da.

11 Occ. [y]rna

12 Occ. l[y]na

13 Secondo Lamuela (2006: 17), lo rumèno have [ɯ], non [ɨ].
According to Lamuela (2006: 17), Romanian has [ɯ], not [ɨ].

14 Variante de Neo. b[o]cca.
14 Variant of Neo. b[o]cca.

15 Anticamente, Fra. b[o]che.
15 In ancient times, Fra. b[o]che.


Mèjjas

clausasclauses






[e]

[e]lle n[e]groshe black

cant[a]recantare

[e]le n[e]grothe black

cant[a]rcantor

[e]l n[e]grothe black

cant[a]rcantor

[e]ll

/n[e]gre

cant[a]rcantor

[i]l
The source text appears to be incomplete or unclear. Please provide a complete sentence or phrase for translation.

# n[e]gru 16

chant[e]rsinger

[e]glithe

n[e]ro

cant[a]recantare

[e]l n[e]gruthe black

cânt[a]singing

[ẽ̃]

v[ɛ]ntovento

v[ẽ̃]to

v[ie]ntowind

v[e]ntvent

v[ɑ̃̃]

v[ɛ]ntovento

v[ɨ]nt

[ø]

bòves p[aw]coboves pawco

b[o]is p[o(w)]co

b[we]yes p[o]co

b[ɔ]us

p[ɔ]c

b[ø]

p[ø]

bovi < nom.bovi < name.

p[ɔ]co

boi < nom.boy < name.

-

[o][O]

[o]lmoelm

p[o]mo

gn[o]mo

[o]lmoelm

p[o]mo

gn[o]mo

[o]lmoelm

p[o]mo

gn[o]mo

[o]m

p[o]m

gn[o]mgnome

[o]rme

* p[o]m

gn[o:]mgnome

[o]lmoelm

p[o]mo

gn[o]mo

[u]lm

p[o]m

gn[o]mgnome

[õ]

b[ɔ]no

b[õ]

b[we]no

b[ɔ]

b[ɔ̃̃̃̃]

b[wɔ]no

b[u]n

MèjjaTable

[ə]

/s[ə]pt[ə]manaSeptember

/fratr[ə] vacc[a]
/Fratr[ə] vacc[a]

s[ə]mana

frad[ə] vac[ɐ]

s[e]manaweek

fradr[e] vac[a]

s[ə]tmana

frar[ə] vac[ə]

s[ə]maine

  • frèr[ə]brother

  • vach[ə]

s[e]tt[i]manasettimana

frat[e] vacc[a]
brotherhood cow

s[ə]pt[ə]mânăweek

frat[e] vac[ə]17


Mèjjas

apèrtas






[ɛ]

[ɛ]co f[ɛ]rro

[ɛ]co f[ɛ]rro

[e]co

# f[ɛ]rro 18

[ɛ]co f[ɛ]rro

[e]cho

f[ɛ]rfer

[ɛ]co f[ɛ]rro

[e]cou

# f[ɛ]rru 19

[ɛ̃̃]

c[i]nquefive

c[ĩ]co

c[i]ncofive

c[i]nc

c[ɛ̃̃]qcinq

c[i]nquefive

c[i]nci

[œ]

j[o]vene [ɔ]voyoung egg

j[ɔ]vem [o]vo

j[o]ven h[we]voyoung egg

j[o]vejove

[ɔ]u

j[œ]ne

[œ]f

gi[o]vane [wɔ]voyoung woman

j[u]neJune

[o]u

[œ̃̃]

[u]nono

[ũ]

[u]nono

[u]n[n]

[œ̃̃]

[u]nono

[u]n[n]

[ɔ]

[ɔ]sso f[ɔ]rte

[ɔ]sso f[ɔ]rte

h[we]so

# f[ɔ]rte# forté

[ɔ]s

f[ɔ]rtfort

[ɔ]s

f[ɔ]rtfort

[ɔ]sso f[ɔ]rte

[o]s

# f[ɔ]rte 20# fort 20

[ɔ̃̃̃̃]

b[ɔ]no

b[õ]

b[we]no

b[ɔ]

b[ɔ̃̃̃̃]

b[wɔ]no

b[u]n


Quasi

apèrtaaperture






[ɐ]

b[a]nnîo

b[ɐ]nho

b[a]ñobathroom

b[a]ny

b[ɛ̃̃]

b[a]gno

b[a]ie

[ɐ̃̃]

qu[a]ndowhen

qu[ɐ̃̃]dowhen

cu[a]ndowhen

qu[a]n

qu[ɑ̃̃]dwhen

qu[a]ndowhen

c[ɨ]nd

Apèrtas

[a]

[a]rma v[a]ccaarma vacca

[a]rma

v[a]caspeech

[a]rma

v[a]caspeech

[a]rma

v[a]caspeech

[a]rme v[a]chearmed watch

[a]rma v[a]ccaarma vacca

[a]rmăweapon

v[a]

[ɑ][a]

p[a]stapaste

p[a]stapaste

p[a]stapaste

p[a]stapaste

p[ɑ]te

p[a]stapaste

p[a]stăpaste

[ɑ̃̃]

qu[a]ndowhen

qu[ɐ̃̃]dowhen

cu[a]ndowhen

qu[a]n

qu[ɑ̃̃]dwhen

qu[a]ndowhen

c[ɨ]nd


16 Actualemente, Fra. noir.
16 Currently, Fra. black.

17 Secondo Lamuela (2006: 17), lo rumèno have [ɤ], non [ə].
According to Lamuela (2006: 17), Romanian has [ɤ], not [ə].

18 Actualemente, Cas. hierro.
18 Currently, iron case.

19 Actualemente, Rum. fier.
19 Currently, Rum. fier.

20 La vocale [ɔ] fou lo passo intermèdio en la evolutione dès la ō longa et la ŏ brève latinas ad lo rumèno, que presènta actualemente diptongatione: Lat. SŌLE, MŎLA > Rum. soare, moară (Jensen 1999: 62).
The vowel [ɔ] took the intermediate step in the evolution from the long ō and the short ŏ in Latin to Romanian, which currently presents diphthongization: Lat. SŌLE, MŎLA > Rum. soare, moară (Jensen 1999: 62).

3. 1. 2. CONSONANTES
3. 1. 2. CONSONANTS




Lòco de articulatione
Articulation site

CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

BilabialeBilabials

Labio- dentaleLabiodental

DentaleDental

AlveolareAlveolar

Post- alveolare
Post-alveolar

PalatalePalatal

Velare / Uvulare
Velar / Uvular

GlottaleGlottal

Mòdo de articulatione
Mode of articulation

Nasale 21Nasal 21


/m/




/n/



/ɲ/



Occlusiva 22Occlusive 22

/p/

/b/


/t/

/d/




/k/

/g/


AffricataAffricate




/ʦ//ts/

/ʣ/

/ʧ/

/ʤ/




FricativaFricative


/f/

/v/

/θ/

/s/

/z/

/ʃ/

[ʒ]


[x]
Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.

[ʁ]

[h]


ApproximanteApproximant


[β]


[ð]



/j/


[ɣ]




[ɥ]23

/w/24

Ròtica símplice
Simple Rhetoric





/ɾ/





Ròtica múltiple
Multiple Ròtica





/r/




[R]


LateraleLateral





/l/



/ʎ/




La sequènte tabèlla presènta exèmplos de uso de cata sòno consonàntico:
The following table presents examples of the use of each consonant sound:


NEO

POR
Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.

CAS

CAT

FRA

ITA
Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.

RUM

NasalesNasal

[m]

[m]are

[m]ar

[m]ar

[m]ar

[m]er

[m]are

[m]are

[n]

[n]òvenine

[n]ove

[n]uevenine

[n]ouno

[n]eufnine

[n]ove

[n]ouănine

[ɲ]

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲɲ]a ara[ɲɲ]a
I am! I will go there.

-

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲ]a ara[ɲ]a
I am! I see the moon.

-

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲ]a ara[ɲ]a
I am! I see the moon.

-

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲ]a ara[ɲ]a
I am! I see the moon.

-

[mj]am! vi[ɲ]e ara[ɲ]ée der.
I love you, my dear.

-

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲɲ]a ara[ɲɲ]a
I am! I will go there.

-

[mi]am!I love you!

  • vi[ɲ]e

  • [ɲ]e ba[ɲ]

OcclusivasPlosives

[p]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[p]anepane

[p]ãobread

[p]anpan

[p]aa

[p]ainpain

[p]anepane

[p]âinebread

[b]

[b]ène

[b]em

[b]ien[b]well

[b]é

[b]ien[b]well

[b]ene

[b]ine

[t]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[t]èmpotime

[t]empotempo

[t]iempotime

[t]emps[temps]

[t]emps[temps]

[t]empotempo

[t]impimp

[d]

[d]olce

[d]oce

[d]ulcesweet

[d]olç

[d]ouxsweet

[d]olce

[d]ulcesweet

[k]

[k]òrpobody

[k]orpo

[k]uerpoBody

[k]os

[k]orps

[k]orpo

[k]orp

[g]

[g]olaHello

[g]olaHello

[g]olaHello

[g]olaHello

[g]euleowl

[g]olaHello

[g]urămouth

AffricatasAffricates

[ʦ]

[ʦ]ar al[ʦ]are

[kz]ar

* al[ʦ]ar

[θ]ar

* al[ʦ]ar

[ʦ]ar

* al[ʦ]ar

[ʦ]ar

* hau[ʦ]er

[ʦ]ar al[ʦ]are

[ʦ]ar înăl[ʦ]a

[ʣ]

[ʣ]èta 25 ver[ʣ]a pran[ʣ]o

vercon[ʣ]a

/[ʣ]eta/ʣ/eta

# ver[ʣ]a

-

# vergon[ʣ]a# shame

[ʣ]eta

# ber[ʣ]a

-

# verguen[ʣ]a# shame

[z]eta

-

-

vergo[ɲ]a

[ʣ]êta[ʣ]eta

-

-

vergo[ɲ]e

[ʣ]eta ver[ʣ]a pran[ʣ]o
This is a good morning.

vergo[ɲɲ]a

[z]eta

# var[ʣ]ă prân[z]

-


ra[tʦ]onerationale

dó[deʧ]e

# ra[ʣ]ão do[z]e
# reason sweet

* ra[ʣ]ón do[s]e
* reason twelve

* ra[ʣ]ó do[ʣ]e

  • rai[ʣ]onrajon

  • dou[ʣ]e

ra[ʤ]one

do[diʧ]i

-


21 Pròpriamente, occlusiva nasale (cf. occlusiva orale). Per simplicitate, non analisamos cui allòfonos de los fonemas nasales como [ɱ, ŋ,...].
21 Properly, nasal occlusive (cf. oral occlusive). For simplicity, we do not analyze the allophones of nasal phonemes such as [ɱ, ŋ,...].

22 Pròpriamente, occlusiva orale (cf. occlusiva nasale).
22 Properly, oral occlusive (cf. nasal occlusive).

23 Labiopalatale
23 Labio-palatal

24 Labiovelare

25 Nome de la léttera grèca <Ζ, ζ>. Por la léttera latina <Z, z> èst preferíbile la pronuntia [z]èta.
25 Name of the Greek letter <Ζ, ζ>. For the Latin letter the pronunciation [z]eta is preferable.

[ʧ]

[ʧ]èco[ʧ]eco

[ʧ]èloHello

/[ʧ]eco [s]éu/checo céu

[ʧ]eco [s]ielo[ʧ]eco [s]ky

[ʧ]ec

[s]el

[ʧ]èque [s]ielCzech sky

[ʧ]eco [ʧ]ielo

[ʧ]ec

[ʧ]er

[ʤ][j]

[ʤ]èlo [ʤ]óvene herè[tic]o a[dʤ]utare
yellow young heretic to help

  • [ʤ]eloyellow

  • [ʤ]ovemyoung

    heré[tic]oheretic

  • a[ʤ]udar

* [j]elo [x]oven heré[tic]o
* yellow oven heretic

/a[ʤ]udar

26

/[ʤ]el/gel

/[ʤ]ove here[ʤ]e
Love here, Jay.

/a[ʤ]udar/ajudar

  • [ʤ]el

  • [ʤ]eunejeune

  • ere[ʤ]e a[j]der

[ʤ]elo [ʤ]ovane ere[tic]o a[dʤ]utare
Yellow young heretic to help

[ʤ]er

* [ʤ]une ere[tic] a[ʒ]uta
* June heretic ajuta


FricativasFricatives

27






[f]

[f]òrtestrong

[f]ortestrong

[f]uertestrong

[f]ortfort

[f]ortfort

[f]ortestrong

[f]oartevery

[v]

[v]inowine

ha[v]erehave

[v]inhowine

ha[v]erhaver

* [v]ino 28* [w]ine 28

ha[β]er

/[v]i/v/i

/ha[v]er

[v]inin

a[v]oirto see

[v]inowine

a[v]ere

[v]inin

a[v]ea

[θ]

[ʧ]èloHello

[s]éusky

* [θ]ielo

[s]el

[s]iel

[ʧ]ielo

[ʧ]er

[s]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[s]alesale

[s]al

[s]al

[s]al

[s]el

[s]alesale

[s]areare

[z]

[z]ona 29Zone 29

ba[z]armarket

[z]onazone

ba[z]armarket

[θ]ona

ba[θ]ar

[z]onazone

ba[z]armarket

[z]onezone

ba[z]armarket

[ʣ]ona

ba[dʣ]arbajar

[z]onăzone

ba[z]armarket


/ca[z]a 30

/espino[z]a

/me[z]ura

/te[z]auro

ca[z]a espinho[z]a me[z]ura
thorny house measure

te[z]ouro

  • ca[z]ahouse

  • espino[z]aespinoza

  • me[z]urameasure

  • te[z]oro

ca[z]a espino[z]a me[z]ura
thorny house measure

tre[z]ortreasure

che[z] lia. épineu[z]e me[z]ure

tré[z]ortreasure

ca[s]a 31 spino[s]a mi[z]ura
case 31 spinosa mixture

te[z]oro

ca[s]ă spino[s]ă mă[s]ura
spiny house measure

te[z]aur


26 En castellano antico, [ʤ] potería havere essuto uno allòfono de /ʒ/. Actualemente, [ʤ] ha reapparuto como pronuntia dialectale de /j/. En Paraguai, [ʤ] èst normale: a[ʤ]udar, ma[ʤ]o (distincto de ca[ʎ]e). En Colòmbita et altras zonas “yeístas” (onde /ʎ/ se confunde con /j/), una de las possíbiles realizzationes èst [ʤ]: [ʤ]o, a[ʤ]udar, [ʤ]over, a[ʤ]í. De altra parte, lo judèocastellano presènta [ʤ]ente (distincto de o[ʒ]o). Ved. Hualde (2014: 180, 299, 304) et Markič (2017).
In Old Spanish, [ʤ] could have been an allophone of /ʒ/. Currently, [ʤ] has reappeared as a dialectal pronunciation of /j/. In Paraguay, [ʤ] is normal: [ʤ]udar, [ʤ]o (distinct from ca[ʎ]e). In Colombia and other "yeísta" areas (where /ʎ/ is confused with /j/), one of the possible realizations is [ʤ]: [ʤ]o, [ʤ]udar, [ʤ]over, [ʤ]í. On the other hand, Judeo-Spanish presents [ʤ]ente (distinct from o[ʒ]o). See Hualde (2014: 180, 299, 304) and Markič (2017).

27 Per simplicitate, non analisamos cui las divèrsas realizzationes de la [s].
27 For simplicity, we do not analyze the various realizations of the [s].

28 Si bène la pronuntiatione majoritaria en castellano èst [b]ino (et mi [β]ino), en Amèrica se tròpa altrosí [v] en qualques parlantes, qualques sociolèctos (Argentina) aut de manaria generale (Cuba). Non se tracta de la conservatione de uno sòno castellano traditionale, mais de una ultracorrectione, ad imitatione de altras lenguas. Mòstra de cuesto èst que, en cuessas varietates, la distinctione entre /b/ et /v/ pròva de sequire la grafía castellana modèrna, que èst etimològica, et descontinúa la antica distinctione entre <v> et <b>. Donque, se pronuntia ha[β]er per que se escrive acora haber (con b como en latino) malgrado que en castellano antico se grafiava haver, cantava, etc., como los altros romances (ved. Isbăşescu 1970). En quanto ad la sòno representato per cuesta <v> en castellano antico, la opinione commune èst que èra [β], mais potería havere essuto [v] (ved. Batllori et al. 2009).
28 If the majority pronunciation in Castilian is [b] ino (et mi [β] ino ), in America it is found otherwise [v] in some speakers, some sociolects (Argentina) high of general manner (Cuba). It is not the preservation of a traditional Spanish sound, but an ultracorrection, in imitation of other languages. This shows that, in these varieties, the distinction between /b/ and /v/ tries to follow the modern Castilian spelling, which is etymological, and discontinues the ancient distinction between <v> and <b>. Therefore, it is pronounced ha [β] er so that it is written now haber (with b as in Latin) although in Old Castilian it was spelled have, sang , etc., like the other Romances (see Isbăşescu 1970). As for the sound represented by this <v> in Old Castilian, the common opinion is that it was [β], but could have been [v] (see Batllori et al. 2009).

29 En prèstetos de lo grèco (zona, zeta, zoo, etc.) et altras lenguas (bazar < Per bāzār; zèro < Ita zero < Lat zephĭrum, adaptatione de lo àrabo ṣifr; zebra, proveniènte de lo iberoromànico; etc.).
In loans from Greek (zone, zeta, zoo, etc.) and other languages (bazar < Per bāzār; zero < Ita zero < Lat zephĭrum, adapted from Arabic ṣifr; zebra, originating from Ibero-Romance; etc.).

30 Variantes de Neo. ca[s]a, spino[s]a.
30 Variants of Neo. ca[s]a, spino[s]a.

31 Como en rumèno et en italiano meridionale, la [s] intervocàlica latina se consèrva sorda altrosí en toscano. Los múltiples casos que de sonorizzatione exsisten en toscano (accu[z]are, ca[z]o, chie[z]a, u[z]o, u[z]o, etc.) se explican per influèntia norde-italiana (Patota 2002: 80-82).
31 As in Romanian and southern Italian, the Latin intervocalic [s] is preserved deaf otherwise in Tuscan. The multiple cases of sound that exist in Tuscan (accu[z]are, ca[z]o, chie[z]a, u[z]o, u[z]o, etc.) are explained by northern Italian influence (Patota 2002: 80-82).

[ʃ]

[ʃ]ou

[ʃ]owshow

[ʃ]owshow

[ʃ]ou

[ʃ]owshow

[ʃ]owshow

[ʃ]owshow


cami[ʃ]a 32shirt 32

cami[z]ashirt

cami[s]ashirt

cami[z]ashirt

chemi[z]echemistry

/cami[ʃ]a 34/shirt 34

căma[ʃ]ăshirt


ba[ʃʃ]are

bai[ʃ]ar

* ba[ʃ]ar* human

bai[ʃ]ar

bai[s]er

va[ʃʃ]are 35

-


engra[ʃʃ]areto engage

engrai[ʃ]arfertilizer

-

engrei[ʃ]ar

engrai[s]erfertilizer

-

îngră[ʃ]a
the act of grazing


ve[ʃʃ]ica

be[ʃ]iga

* ve[ʃ]iga

ve[ʃ]iga

ve[s]ie

ve[ʃʃ]ica

[ʃ]icăbășică


/pe[ʃʃ]e 33

pei[ʃ]e

pe[θ]

pe[ʃ]

poi[s]on der.poison der.

pe[ʃʃ]e

pe[ʃt]e


to[kk]areto care

to[k]ar

to[k]ar

to[k]ar

tou[ʃ]ertoucher

to[kk]areto care

to[k]atoka

[ʒ]

/[ʒ]óvene 36young 36

[ʒ]ovemyoung

* [ʒ]oven* young

[ʒ]ove[j]ove

[ʒ]euneyoung

[ʤ]ovane

[ʒ]unea

[x]
Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.

[ʤ]óvene ta[ʎʎ]areyoung talent

[ʒ]ovem ta[ʎ]ar
young to talk

[x]oven ta[x]aroven ta[x]ar

[ʒ]ove ta[ʎ]arI love you

[ʒ]eune ta[j]eryoung tiger

[ʤ]ovane ta[ʎʎ]are
Jovane is crying.

[ʒ]unea

tă[j]a

[ʁ]

/[ʁ]a/tea[ʁ]

/te[ʁ]a

tie[r]a

te[r]aterra

te[R]e

te[r]aterra

ţa[ɾ]ă

[h]

/[h]iena/hiena

[ ]iena

[ ]iena

[ ]iena

[ ]yèneyène

iena

[h]iena

ApproximantesApproximants

[β]


[ð]

/[β]ico 37
/cube [β]ico 37

ri[p]a

/ca[ð]uco 38

mu[t]are

eur. [β]ico eur. ri[β]a eur. ca[ð]uco
eur. cubic eur. riba eur. caduco

eur. mu[ð]dareur. mother

[β]ico ri[β]a ca[ð]uco
cubic river canyon

mu[ð]darmother

[β]ic ri[β]a ca[ð]uc

mu[ð]darmother

cu [b]ique # ri[β]e ca[d]uc
each # river falls

# mu[ð]er# mother

cu [b]ico ri[p]a ca[d]uco
with [b]ico ri[p]a ca[d]uco

mu[t]are

cu [b]ic râ[p]ă ca[d]uc
the fallen icicle

mu[t]a

[j]

[j]òga

[j]oga

[j]oga

[j]oga

[j]oga

[j]oga

[j]oga


coff[j]acoffee

co[j]fa

cof[j]a

còfiacap

* co[j]ffe

cuff[j]a

co[j]f


cavallar[j]ocavalry

cavale[j]rocavalier

caballeroknight

cavallerknight

cheval[j]er
horseback rider

cavalla[j]ocavalry

călareriding


/ma[j]o 39

ma[j]o

ma[j]o

ma[ʧ]match

m[ɛ]

ma[dʤ]oma[dʒ]o

ma[j]


m[ɛ]lemale

m[ɛ]l

m[j]el

m[ɛ]l

m[j]el

m[j]ele

m[j]ere

[ɥ]

n[ɔ]cte

n[o]itenote

n[o]chenight

n[ ]it

n[ɥ]it

n[ɔ]ttenight

n[oa]pte

[ɣ]

/casti[ɣ]are 40

se[k]urosecure

eur. casti[ɣ]ar

eur. se[ɣ]uroeur. secure

casti[ɣ]ar se[ɣ]uro

casti[ɣ]gar se[ɣ]ur
castigar seguro

# châti[ɣ]er

# se[ɣ]uro# sure

casti[g]are si[k]uro
castigate secure

câşti[g]a

si[g]ursecure

[w]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not clear or is incomplete. Could you please provide a complete sentence or text for translation?

[w]ischi aq[w]a

[ɔ]vo

[w]isky ág[w]a
whiskey water

[ɔ]vo

/[w]isky ag[w]awhisky agua

[we]vo

[w]isky aig[w]awhisky aiga

[ɔ]u

[w]isky [o]whisky

* [we]f

[w]isky acq[w]awhisky acqwa

[wɔ]vo

[w]isky ap[ ]ăwhiskey apă

[o]u


32 En paraulas latinas como CAMISIAM aut BASIARE, la pronuntia de la sequèntia [si] + vocale deveniu en latino vulgare [sj] (cuesto èst, [s] + iòd). Posterioremente, lo sòno [s] fou palatalizzato per la iòd sequènte en toto lo romance, producèndo una [ʃ] palatale en una parte de lo romance orientale (toscano et rumèno) et una [sj] palatalizzata en la parte restante de lo romance. De cuestas doas variantes, solamente [ʃ] se consèrva, ja que [sj] despalatalizzau, sene laxare rastro en lo italiano meridionale et en sardo (Sar. basare) mais laxando, en lo romance occidentale, una nòva iòd ante la consontante, iòd se consèrva en occasiones (Por. beijar, Occ. baisar, Fra. baiser) et en altras ha desparuto, fusionando-se con la vocale precedènte (Por., Cas., Cat. camisa, Fra. chemise) au modificando-la (Cas. besar, Cat. besar). Lo neolatino presènta [ʃ]. (Lausberg. 1965: 390)
32 In Latin words such as CAMISIAM aut BASIARE , the pronunciation of the sequence [si] + vowel became in vulgar Latin [sj] (this is, [s] + iodine). Later, the sound [s] was palatalized by the following iodine throughout Romance, producing a palatal [ʃ] in a part of Eastern Romance (Tuscan and Romanian) and a palatalized [s j ] in the remaining part of Romance . Of these two variants, only [ʃ] is preserved, since [s j ] is depalatalized, without leaving a trace in southern Italian and Sardinian ( Sar. basare ) but leaving, in Western Romance, a new iodine before the consonant, iodine is preserved in occasions ( Por. beijar , Occ. baisar , French baiser ) and in others has disappeared, merging with the preceding vowel ( Por., Cas., Cat. camisa , French chemise ) when modifying it ( Cas. large , Cat. large ). Neo-Latin presents [ʃ]. (Lausberg. 1965: 390)

33 Variante de Neo. pe[sʧ]e.
33 Variant of Neo. pe[sʧ]e.

34 En toscano, la pronuntiatione traditionale èst cami[ʃ]a et, coherèntemente, la escriptura antica èra <camiscia>. En cambio, lo italiano stàndarde presènta cami[ʧ]a, per influèntia de la grafía <camicia>, que imita la grafía latinizzante de vicino (altrosí pronuntiato con [ʃ] en toscano). (Lausberg. 1965: 391)
34 In Tuscan, the traditional pronunciation is cami [ʃ] and , coherently, the ancient writing was < camiscia >. However, standard Italian presents cami [ʧ] to , under the influence of the spelling <camicia>, which imitates the Latinizing spelling of vicino (otherwise pronounced with [ʃ] in Tuscan). (Lausberg. 1965: 391)

35 Cuesta paraula non exsiste en italiano stàndarde, mais se consèrva en las varietates meridionales con la pronuntiatione [ʃʃ], que èst la solutione pròpria de lo stàndarde por la sequèntia latina [ssj] (como en Lat. *PRESSIA,
The word does not exist in standard Italian, but it is preserved in the southern varieties with the pronunciation [ʃʃ], which is the proper solution of the standard for the Latin sequence [ssj] (as in Lat. *PRESSIA,

*REVESSIARE > Ita. pre[ʃʃ]a, rove[ʃʃ]are).
*REVESSIARE > It. pre[ʃʃ]a, rove[ʃʃ]are).

36 Variante de Neo. [ʤ]óvene.
36 Variant of Neo. [ʤ]óvene.

37 Variante de Neo. [b]ico.
37 Variant of Neo. cubic.

38 Variante de Neo. ca[d]uco.
38 Variant of Neo. outdated.

39 Variante de Neo. ma[dʤ]o.
39 Variant of Neo. ma[dʤ]o.

40 Variante de Neo. casti[g]are.
40 Variant of Neo. casti[g]are.

RòticasErotics

[ɾ]


[r]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[ɾ]òta

ho[ɾ]a

[r]aearth

/[r]òta 42/route 42

[r]oda

ho[ɾ]a

/te[r]a

[r]oda

[r]ueda ho[ɾ]a tie[r]awheel tire

[r]uedawheel

[r]oda

ho[ɾ]a

te[r]aterra

[r]oda

  • [ɾ]oue

  • heu[ɾ]e

  • te[r]etree

[R]oueWheel

[ɾ]uota o[ɾ]aQuota ora

te[r]aterra

[ɾ]uota

[ɾ]oată 41

o[ɾ]a

# te[ɾ]a 43

[ɾ]oată

[R]

ho[ɾ]a

/[R]a/te[R]a

ho[ɾ]a

te[R]a

ho[ɾ]a tie[r]a

ho[ɾ]a

te[r]aterra

heu[R]e te[R]ehe is there

o[ɾ]a

te[r]aterra

o[ɾ]a

ţa[ɾ]ă

Laterales 44Laterals 44

[l]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.


[ʎ]

[l]acte a[l]aact a la

[ʎ]ama fi[ʎʎ]a mo[ʎʎ]are

va[ll]evalley

[l]eite a[l]a
lead to the top

/[ʎ]ama fi[ʎ]a mo[ʎ]ar
/yama fiya moyar

va[l]evale

[l]eche a[l]aleche ala

/[ʎ]ama/yama

  • hi[ʎ]a

  • mo[ʎ]ar

/va[ʎ]e

[ʎ]et

a[l]a

[ʎ]ama[y]ama

fi[ʎ]a mu[ʎ]ar

va[ʎ]

[l]aitmilk

ai[l]e

[l]ama

  • fi[ʎ]e

  • moui[ʎ]er

va[l]val

[l]atte a[l]amilk to the

[l]ama fi[ʎʎ]alama fiya

-

va[ll]evalley

[l]aptemilk

a[l]ă

[l]ama

  • fi[ʎ]e

  • mu[ʎ]a

va[l]evale


Palatalizzatione
Palatalization

[j]

lop[os] < acc.

/lop[i] < nom.

lob[os]wolves

-

lob[os]wolves

-

llop[s]wolf[s]

-

loup[s]wolf[s]

-

-

lup[i]

-

lup[j] 45


3. 2. ORTOGRAFÍA
3. 2. SPELLING

3. 2. 1. ABECEDARIO
3. 2. 1. ALPHABET

Lo neolatino, como las lenguas romànicas, usa lo alfabèto latino. Consiste en lo abecedario romano traditionale (<A, B, C, D, E,...>) ampliato con las nòvas létteras <J, U, W> et las grècas <Y, Z>, tanto majúsculas quanto minúsculas. La sequènte tabèlla presènta los soos nomes:
Neo-Latin, like the Romance languages, uses the Latin alphabet. It consists of the traditional Roman alphabet (<A, B, C, D, E,...>) expanded with the new letters <J, U, W> and the Greek <Y, Z>, both uppercase and lowercase. The following table presents their names:


LÉTTERA

NOME(S)NAME(S)

A, a

a

[a]



B, b

be

[be]



C, c

cethis

[ʧe]



D, d

de

[de]
Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.



E, e

e

[e]



F, f

èffe

['ɛffe]

fe

[fe]

G, g

ge

[ʤe]

ghe

[ge]
I'm sorry, but I need the source text in order to provide a translation. Please provide the text you would like translated.

H, h

hacca

['akka]



I, iI, I

i

[i]



J, j

i lòngathe long

[i 'lɔŋga]

jota

['ʤota]['jota]


41 Secondo Lamuela (2006: 9), lo rumèno have solo (et sèmpre) [r] (vibrante).
According to Lamuela (2006: 9), Romanian has only (and always) [r] (vibrant).

42 Variante de Neo. [ɾ]òta.
42 Variants of Neo. [ɾ]ota.

43 Actualemente, Rum. ţa[ɾ]ă.
43 Currently, Rum. ţa[ɾ]ă.

44 Per simplicitate, non analisamos cui los divèrsos allòfonos de los fonemas laterales.
For simplicity, we do not analyze the various allophones of the lateral phonemes.

45 Anticamente èra la vocale [i]. Actualemente non èst ja uno sòno independènte, mais la palatalizzatione de la consonante “anteriore”.
In ancient times, the vowel [i] was present. Currently, it is no longer an independent sound, but rather the palatalization of the "anterior" consonant.

K, k

ca

[ka][en]

cappacape

['kappa]

L, l

èlleshe

['ɛlle]

lethe

[le][the]

M, m

èmmeemme

['ɛmme]

me

[me]

N, n

ènneenne

['ɛnne]['now]

ne

[ne]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not in a recognizable language or is incomplete. Could you please provide a complete and clear text for translation?

O, o

oO

[o][O]



P, p

pe

[pe]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or unclear. Could you please provide the full text you would like to have translated?



Q, q

cu

[ku]
I'm sorry, but I need the source text in Kurdish (ku) to provide a translation. Please provide the text you would like translated.

che

[ke]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not complete or is not in a recognizable language. Could you please provide a full sentence or a different text for translation?

R, r

èrreerre

['ɛre]

re

[re]

S, s

èsseesse

['ɛsse]

se

[se]

T, t

te

[te]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not clear. Could you please provide the text you would like to have translated?



U, u

u

[u]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.



V, v

ve

[ve]



W, w

ve dopleand double

[ve 'dople]

dople vedouble you

[dople 've]

X, x

ics

[iks]



Y, y

i grècathe Greek

[i 'gɾɛka]

ípsilonupsilon

['ipsilon]['ypsilon]

Z, z

zètazeta

['zɛta]


['ʣɛta]['zeta]


Las létteras <k>, <w>, <y> et <z> son usatas, principalmente, en tecnicismos de uso internationale et en prèstetos estrangèros non romanizzatos.
The letters , , , and are used mainly in international technical terms and in non-Romanized foreign loanwords.


  1. 2. 2. MÚLTIPLES ORTOGRAFÍAS ROMÀNICAS
    2. 2. MULTIPLE ROMANIC SPELLINGS

    Las ortografías romànicas non solamente coinciden en lo uso de lo alfabèto latino46, mais altrosí en la voluntate de continuare la traditione gràfica latina. Per cuesto, paraulas como campo, cera, civetate, coppa et curare se escriven, en totas las lenguas romànicas, con <c> (cf. Lat. CAMPUM, CERAM, CIVITATEM, CUPPAM, CURARE) malgrado havere en romance pronuntiationes divèrsas dependèndo de la vocale sequènte: a, o, u vs. e, i (en latino, en cambio, sèmpre [k])47.
    The Romance spellings not only coincide in the use of the Latin alphabet 46 , but also in the will to continue the Latin graphic tradition. Therefore, words such as field , wax , civetate , cup and curare are written, in all Romance languages, with <c> (cf. Lat. CAMPUM , CERAM , CIVITATEM , CUPPAM , CURARE ) despite having in Romance various pronunciations depending the following vowel: a, o, u vs. and, and (in Latin, on the other hand, always [k]) 47 .

    Non obstante, en altros detallîos las ortografías romànicas non presèntan cuesta unanimitate. Hi ha múltiples differèntias, que en parte son lo resultato de divergèntias evolutivas en las structuras de las lenguas mesmas. Mais en parte hi èst altrosí arbitrarietate. Et cuesto pone dilèmmas en la codificatione de lo nelatino, como los sequèntes:
    Notwithstanding, in other details the Romance orthographies do not present unanimous agreement. There are multiple differences, which are partly the result of evolutionary divergences in the structures of the languages themselves. But partly there is also arbitrariness. And this poses dilemmas in the codification of the non-Latin, such as the following:

LATINO

POR.
Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.

CAS.

CAT.

FRA.

ITA.
Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.

RUM.

ECCUM HIC, ECCE HIC
HERE IS, BEHOLD HERE

aquíhere

aquíhere

aquí, acíhere, here


ciThere

quiWho


aci

HABERETO HAVE

haverto have

haberto have

haverto have

avoirto have

avere, ho, ha
have, have, has

aveahave

HEDERAMivy

hera

hiedraivy

heuraivy

lierreivy

ederaivy

iederăivy


48 Por [ɛ, ɔ] en italiano foron propòstas las létteras grècas <ɛ, ω> per lo humanista Gian Giorgio Trissino, en la soa Ɛpistola del Trissinω de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana. Non obstante, ad differèntia de altras propòstas soas, cuesta non fou sequita. En cambio, posterioremente lo Alfabèto Fonètico Internationale adoptau
48 For [ɛ, ɔ] in Italian were proposed the Greek letters <ɛ, ω> by the humanist Gian Giorgio Trissino, in his Epistle of the Trissinω of the letter newly added to the Italian language . However, unlike his other proposals, this one was not pursued. Instead, the International Phonetic Alphabet was later adopted

<ɛ> per [ɛ].<e> per [e]

49 En arumèno se usan los dígrafos <nj> et <lj> por los sònos [ɲ, ʎ]. En italiano, <lj> por [ʎ] (per exèmplo, en volja, normalemente grafiato voglia) fou una altra de las innovationes propòstas per Trissino.
49 In Armenian the digraphs <nj> and <lj> are used for the sounds [nyj, ʎ] In Italian, <lj> for [ʎ] (for example, in volja , normally spelled voglia ) was another of the innovations proposed by Trissino.

HORAMHOUR

horahour

horahour

horahour

heurehour

orano

oarătime

HOSPITEMGUESTS

hospedeguest

huéspedGuest

hostecough

hôtehost

ospiteguest

oaspeteguest

HOMINEM, HOMOMAN, MAN

homemman

hombreman

home

homme, onman, we


uomoman


omabout

HOC DIE

hojetoday

h

oyLtd

avui, huitoday, today

huitoday

oggiToday

azitoday

HERBAMHERB

ervaherb

h

ierba, yerba

herbaherbs

herbetart

erbafour

iarbăGrass

HERIHAPPY

(eire)Ireland

ayeryesterday

ahiryesterday

hierhere

ieriyesterday

ieriyesterday

HIBERNUM

invernowinter

inviernowinter

hivernwinter

hiverwinter

invernowinter

iarnăwinter

100 %

60 %

65 %

85 %

70 %

5 %

0 %


Como se vede, catalano et francese son las lenguas que plus haccas mutas presèntan en lo vocabulario hereditario, castellano et portughese ne han qualques menos, italiano pauchíssimas (solamente onde la léttera èst útile por distinguere homòfonos: o, ho ; a, ha ), et lo rumèno necuna50. Los resultatos son semelantes en lo vocabulario prestato grecolatino51, mais cui lo rumèno presènta uno 50 % de haccas (sonantes) et lo italiano prescinde de cuesta léttera complètamente.
As can be seen, Catalan and French are the languages that present the most mute letters in the inherited vocabulary, while Spanish and Portuguese have a few less, and Italian has very few (only where the letter is useful to distinguish homophones: o, ho ; a, ha ), and Romanian has none50. The results are similar in the borrowed Greco-Latin vocabulary51, but Romanian presents 50% of mute letters (sonant) while Italian completely omits this letter.

De una altra parte, altrosí los usarios han preferèntias gràficas divèrsas. Entre las personas interessatas ad la communicatione pan- et interlatina, qualques aman las grafías etimològicas (typo, theatro, etc.), que recòrdan lo latino et lo grèco, altras, en cambio, sostènen una ortografía fonèmica, plus regulare, que prescinde de anticas distinctiones que ja non son relevantes en la pronuntiatione actuale (tipo, teatro, etc.).
On the other hand, users have diverse graphic preferences. Among those interested in pan- and inter-Latin communication, some prefer etymological spellings (e.g., typo, theatro, etc.), which recall Latin and Greek, while others, on the contrary, support a phonemic spelling, more regular, that disregards ancient distinctions that are no longer relevant in current pronunciation (e.g., tipo, teatro, etc.).


  1. 2. 3. UNA ORTOGRAFÍA NEOLATINA INTUITIVA ET FLEXÍBILE
    2.3 AN INTUITIVE AND FLEXIBLE NEO-LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY

    Havèndo cònto de la pluralitate exsistènte en matèria de ortografía (ved. § 3.2.2), non mancata de arbitrarietate, Vía Neolatina propone por lo neolatino uno sistèma de escriptura que pòte essere descripto, de manaria summaria, con los sequèntes qualificativos. Èst (aut pròva de essere) màximamente
    Taking into account the plurality existing in the field of spelling (see § 3.2.2), not without arbitrariness, Vía Neolatina proposes for Neolatin a system of writing that can be described, in a summary way, with the following qualifiers. This (high probability of being) maximally

Cuestas doas características aut tractos de la ortografia (flexibilitate et intuibilitate) corresponden ad los doos objectivos de la codificatione de Vía Neolatina (ved. § 4.2 de Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino): Desveloppare uno modèllo linguístico con
These two characteristics of the spelling (flexibility and intuition) correspond to the two objectives of the codification of the Neolatin Way (see § 4.2 of Design Principles of the Neolatin Romance): Develop a linguistic model with

  1. MÀXIMO POTENTIALE DE ACCEPTATIONE;
    MAXIMUM POTENTIAL FOR ACCEPTANCE;

  2. MÀXIMO VALORE COMMUNICATIVO.
    MAXIMUM COMMUNICATIVE VALUE.


    50 Lo rumèno, de facto, non pòte usare <h> como léttera muta perqué, en cuesta lengua, lo sòno /h/ exsiste en prèstetos de altras lenguas (et, como consequèntia, altrosí prèstetos latinos).
    50 Romanian, in fact, cannot use as a silent letter because, in that language, the sound /h/ exists in loans from other languages (and, consequently, also in Latin loans).

    51 Fra. 95 %, Cat. 70 %, Por. 70 % Cas. 50 %, Rum. 50 %, Ita. 0 %. Son los resultatos de 10 prèstetos grecolatinos con
    51 Fr. 95%, Cat. 70%, Por. 70% Cas. 50%, Rum. 50%, Ita. 0%. These are the results of 10 Greco-Latin loans.

    <h>: ABHORRERE, PROHIBERE, ADHAERENTEM, HUMANITATEM, HYPOCONDRIAM, HYPOTHECAM, HARMONIAM, HELENA, HIEROGLYPHIKÁ
    : ABHORRENCE, PROHIBITION, ADHERENT, HUMANITY, HYPOCHONDRIA, HYPOTHEC, HARMONY, HELENA, HIEROGLYPHICS

    (gr.), HYACINTHUM. Una mòstra majjore possíbilemente reducería lo resultato portughese, ja que cui <h> non exsiste en casos como Por. anelar, inabitável.
    HYACINTHUM. A major show would possibly reduce the Portuguese result, since with it does not exist in cases like Por. anelar, inabitável.

    UNA ORTOGRAFÍA INTUITIVA:
    AN INTUITIVE SPELLING:

    De una parte, la ortografía propòsta por lo neolatino pròva de essere màximamente intuitiva, de manaria que permetta ad los usuarios non solamente identificare las paraulas (en lo caso de los usuarios romanòfonos) mais altrosí pronuntiare-las bène. Cuesto se cèrca havèndo cònto de múltiples critèrios: la lògica de los procèssos fonològicos que producen los sònos, la precisione gràfica, las formas et usos majoritarios en las lenguas romànicas, etc. Ecco qualques exèmplos:
    On one hand, the proposed spelling by the neo-Latin aims to be maximally intuitive, in such a way that it allows users not only to identify the words (in the case of Romance language speakers) but also to pronounce them well. This is sought by taking into account multiple criteria: the logic of the phonological processes that produce the sounds, graphic precision, the predominant forms and uses in Romance languages, etc. Here are some examples:

    Grafía de los sònos palatales
    Spelling of palatal sounds

    Uno exèmplo de grafía intuitiva èst la de los sònos palatales, que non exsistevan en latino. Como se ha visto plus en alto, por representare lo sòno [ɲ] las lenguas romànicas usan de una parte <nh> et de altra <ñ / gn / ny>. La prima grafía non ha una base fonètica: lo sòno [h] non palatalizza una consonante precedènte. Como resultato, qui non conosce la conventione non pòte pronuntiare, intuitivamente, lo sòno, ne approximare-se ad elle. Cuesto non convène en neolatino.
    An example of intuitive spelling is that of the palatal sounds, which did not exist in Latin. As seen earlier, to represent the sound [ɲ], Romance languages use on one hand and on the other <ñ / gn / ny>. The first spelling has no phonetic basis: the sound [h] does not palatalize a preceding consonant. As a result, those who do not know the convention cannot intuitively pronounce the sound, nor approximate it. This is not suitable in Neo-Latin.

    Las altras grafías sí han una base fonètica, conveniènte en neolatino. De las tres optiones,
    The other spellings do have a phonetic basis, suitable in Neo-Latin. Of the three options,

    <ny> èst la plus adequata, ja que se basa en la sequèntia [nj], que èst lo orígine de [ɲ] en plus lenguas romànicas, èst lo único orígine de lo sòno en neolatino et èst altrosí la sequèntia plus pròxima fonèticamente ad [ɲ] ([sɔnnjo] èst una bòna approximatione ad [sɔɲɲo]). De facto, èst frequènte en la pronuntiatione de parlantes estrangèros52.
    The sequence [nj] is the most adequate, since it is based on the sequence [nj], which is the origin of [ɲ] in several Romance languages, it is the only origin of the sound in Neo-Latin and it is also the phonetically closest sequence to [ɲ] ([sɔnnjo] is a good approximation to [sɔɲɲo]). In fact, it is frequent in the pronunciation of foreign speakers.

    Non obstante, la nota <y> non se usa por altros sònos palatales (non exsisten los dígrafos <ly, cy, gy, sy> por los sònos [ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʃ]53). Como nota palatalizzante, en romance èst plus usata la léttera <i>: en <gli> (Ita. foglia), <ill> (Fra. mouiller ant. [ʎ]); <ci> (Ita. crociare, Rum. crucia); <gi> (Ita. gioco, Rum. giuvaier); <sci> (Ita. sciame). Et la vocale i, como altrosí e 54, palatalizzan qualques consonantes en pràcticamente totas las lenguas romànicas: ci, gi (vs. ca, ga). En plus, los dígrafos con <y> non son etimològicos (Lat. SOMNIUM, FOLIAM, MOLLIARE havevan <i>). Per toto cuesto, Vía Neolatina propone lo uso de la nota <i>.
    However, the note <y> is not used for other palatal sounds (there are no digraphs <ly, cy, gy, sy> for the sounds [ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʃ] 53 ). As a palatalizing note, in Romance the letter <i> is more used: in <gli> ( Italian foglia ), <ill> ( French mouiller ant. [ʎ]); <ci> ( Ita. crociare , Rum. crucia ); <gi> ( Ita. game , Rum. juvaier ); <sci> ( Ita. swarm ). And the vowel i , like others and 54 , palatalize some consonants in practically all Romance languages: ci , gi (vs. ca, ga ). In addition, digraphs with <y> are not etymological ( Lat. SOMNIUM , FOLIAM , MOLLIARE had <i>). However, Vía Neolatina proposes the use of the note <i>.

    Non obstante, besonnîa distinguere de qualque manaria cuessas paraulas de los moltos prèstetos latinos que consèrvan lo sòno [i] sene palatalizzare la consonante precedènte. Vía Neolatina propone lo uso de uno accènto circumflèxo:
    Notwithstanding, it is necessary to distinguish from any manner those words from the many Latin loans that preserve the sound [i] without palatalizing the preceding consonant. The Neo-Latin way proposes the use of a circumflex accent:

    SÒNO NON PALATALIZZATO
    NON PALATALIZED SOUND

    SÒNO PALATALIZZATO
    PALATALIZED SOUND

    dicènniodecennium

    sònnîodream

    rebellionerebellion

    mollîaremollify

    edificiobuilding

    crocîarecrocodile

    religionereligion

    fugîa

    visionevision

    camisîashirt


    La functionte de lo circumflèxo en neolatino pòte essere fàcilemente induita per la majoritate de romanòfonos que conoscen cuessos sònos en loros lenguas. Et si se ignora lo signo, lo resultato son ancora sequèntias molto semelantes ad lo sòno desejjato. En qualonque caso, la ajjunctione de cueste signo diacrítico èst la mínima innovatione que permette havere en
    The function of the circumflex in Neo-Latin can be easily induced by the majority of Romance-speakers who know sounds in their languages. And if the sign is ignored, the result is still sequences very similar to the desired sound. In any case, the addition of this diacritical mark is the least innovation that allows to have in


    52 Altrosí en sardo, romance sene [ʎ, ɲ], los prèstetos italianos con cuessos sònos son adaptatos en sardo campidanese como [llj, nnj] (con la variante [ʎ, ɲ]): Sardìnnia [nnj / ɲ], màllia [llj / ʎ].
    52 Alternatively in Sardinian, romance sene [ʎ, nyj], the Italian loanwords with cuessos sonos are adapted in Sardinian campidanese as [llj, nnj] (with the variant [ʎ, nyj]): Sardinia [nnj / nyj], màllia [ llj / ʎ].

    53 En catalano antico, <yl>.
    In ancient Catalan, .

    54 En francese et rumèno, la e functiona altrosí de nota palatalizzante: Fra. je mangeais; Rum. ceapa, geam.
    In French and Romanian, it also functions as a palatalizing note: Fr. je mangeais; Ro. ceapa, geam.

    neolatino una grafía màximamente conveniènte secondo los múltiples critèrios de codificatione. Et èst necessitata raramente.
    Neolatino is a maximally convenient spelling according to the multiple criteria of codification. And it is rarely needed.


    Geminationes consonànticas per iòd
    Consonant geminations by iod

    Lo romance presènta consonantes doples heredetatas de lo latino (Lat. VACCAM, ILLAM > Neo. vacca, ella) et altras nòvas. Entre cuestas, destacca lo gruppo de consonantes doples originatas per una [j], como en Lat. PLATĔAM, PŬTĔUM > Lat. vul. PLAT[j]A, PŬT[j]U > Romance pla[tʦ]a, po[tʦ]o. En cuestos casos, Vía Neolatina recommanda representare gràficamente la duplicatione en neolatino, como face generalemente lo italiano:
    The Romance languages present inherited double consonants from Latin (e.g., Lat. VACCAM, ILLAM > Neo. vacca, ella) and other new forms. Among these, the group of double consonants originating from a [j] stands out, as in Lat. PLATĔAM, PŬTĔUM > Lat. vulg. PLAT[j]A, PŬT[j]U > Romance pla[tʦ]a, po[tʦ]o. In these cases, the Neo-Latin path recommends graphically representing the duplication in Neo-Latin, as is generally done in Italian.

    LAT.

    NEO.

    ITA.
    Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.

    SÒNO

    FACĬAM

    faccîa

    facciaface

    [tʧ]

    CORRIGĬAMCORRECTUS

    correggîacorrected

    correggia

    [dʤ][dʒ]

    HODĬE

    hòjje

    oggiToday

    [dʤ][dʒ]

    FILĬAMDAUGHTER

    fillîa

    figliadaughter

    [ʎʎ]

    PINĔAM

    pinnîa

    pignapine cone

    [ɲɲ]

    PLATĔAM

    plattsa

    piazzasquare

    [tʦ]


    En realitate, la duplicatione gràfica de [ʎʎ] aut [ɲɲ] non èst strictamente necessaria, ja que cuestos sònos son sèmpre doples en positione intervocàlica. Lo italiano, de facto, non escrive figglia piggna. Non obstante, en qualonque caso besonnîa distinguere entre las doples [tʧ, dʤ] (en faccîa, correggîa) et las símplices [ʧ, ʤ] (en crocîare, fugîa, de croce, fugere). Donque, per sistematicitate et por evitare confusiones, èst conveniènte escrivere altrosí doples [ʎʎ, ɲɲ, tʦ], cosí como [dʤ] en casos como hòjje. La grafía dople evita exceptiones et èst intuitiva. En plus, hi ha qualques casos de [ʎ] aut [ɲ] símplices en neolatino en positione initiale (como lîama aut nîam).
    In fact, the graphic duplication of [ʎʎ] aut [nyjnyj] is not strictly necessary, since these sounds are always double in intervocalic position. Italian, in fact, does not write figglia or piggna . However, in any case it is necessary to distinguish between the double [tʧ, dʤ] (in faccîa, correggîa ) and the simple [ʧ, ʤ] (in crocîare, fugîa , de croce, fugere ). Therefore, for systematicity and to avoid confusions, it is convenient to write otherwise double [ʎʎ, nyjyń, tʦ], as well as [dʤ] in cases such as hòjje . The double spelling avoids exceptions and is intuitive. In addition, there are some cases of simple [ʎ] aut [nyj] in Neolatin in initial position (such as lîama aut nîam ).

    Equalemente, convène escrivere con grafía dople lo sufixo –izzare, que presènta uno sòno dople (Ita. organizzare) malgrado la grafía símplice en latino (Lat. medievale ORGANIZARE), que imita la grafía símplice grèca. La pronuntia en la koinè helenística èra [zz].
    Similarly, it is appropriate to write the suffix –izzare with double grapheme, which presents a double sound (Ita. organizzare) despite the simple spelling in Latin (Lat. medieval ORGANIZARE), which imitates the simple Greek spelling. The pronunciation in the Hellenistic koine was [zz].


    Uso de la léttera <j>
    Use of the letter

    En positione initiale, lo latino [j-] (como en IAM) se confonde con [dj-] (DEŌRSUM) en toto lo romance, con los resultatos [ʣ-, ʤ-, ʒ-, j-]; en positione intervocàlica, [-jj-] (como en MAIUM, con iòd dople malgrado la grafía símplice) se confonde con [-gj-] (FAGEUM) en toto lo romance, con los resultatos [dʣ, dʤ, j]. Lo neolatino respècta cuestas confluèntias panromànicas, mais quale resultato (et grafía) presènta?
    In initial position, the Latin (as in IAM ) is confused with [dj-] ( DEŌRSUM ) in all Romance, with the results [ʣ-, ʤ-, ʒ-, j-]; in intervocalic position, [-jj-] (as in MAIUM , with double iodine despite the simple spelling) is confused with [-gj-] ( FAGEUM ) in all Romance, with the results [dʣ, dʤ, j] Neo-Latin respects these pan-Romance confluences, but what result (et grafía) does it present?

    En romance, las solutiones principales son [(d)ʤ] et [j] que, como mòstra la sequènte tabèlla, han una distributione molto complèxa, con variatione inclusive entro la majoritate de lenguas: Por., Cas., Ita, Rum. (en divèrsas proportiones, si se studian altras paraulas).
    In Romance, the main solutions are [(d)ʤ] and [j] which, as the following table shows, have a very complex distribution, with variatione inclusive between the majority of languages: Por ., Cas ., Ita , Rum . (in various proportions, if other words are studied).


    [ʤ] (actuale aut antico) aut Cas. ant [ʒ]
    [ʤ] (actual or ancient) or Cas. ant [ʒ]

    [j] (actuale aut antico)
    [j] (current or ancient)

    IOCUM, IAM

    Por. já, jogo; Cas. juego ([ʒ > χ]); Cat. ja, joc; Fra. (dé)ja, jeu,;
    By. haha, game; Cas. game ([ʒ > χ]); Cat. ha, joc; Fra. (de)ja, jeu,;

    Ita. già, gioco, Rum. joc
    Yes. already, game, Rum. joc

    Cas. yaCas. already

    DEŌRSUM

    Por. juso; Cat. ant. jus, Fra. ant. jus;
    For. right; Cat. ancient right, Fra. ancient right;

    Ita. giuso, Rum. jos
    Ita. down, Rum. yes

    Cas. yuso

    Por. cuju; Cat. maig, major, . Por. maio; Cas. mayo, mayor; Fra.
    For. cuju; Cat. maig, major, . For. maio; Cas. mayo, mayor; Fra.

    maggio, maggiore, Rum. ajuna mai, ant. maiour; Ita. maiale, Rum.
    May, greater, Rum. ajuna mai, ant. maior; Ita. pig, Rum.

    maiumay

    Por. correia, faia; Cas. haya 55; Fra. courroie, ant. faie
    By. belt, beech; Sp. beech 55; Fr. belt, old beech

Cat. corretja, faig; Ita. correggia, faggio
Cat. corregja, faig; Ita. correggia, faggio

CORRIGIAM, FAGEUM/FAGEAM
LET US CORRECT, I WILL EAT/HE WILL EAT

Ita

MAIUM, MAIOREM, CUIUM, MAIALEM, JEJUNARE


En positione initiale predomina [ʤ] claramente et en positione intervocàlica predomina [j] lèvemente. Conjuctamente, predomina [ʤ], si bène lèvemente.
In the initial position, [ʤ] clearly predominates, and in the intervocalic position, [j] predominates slightly. Together, [ʤ] predominates, albeit slightly.

De altra parte, mèntre [j] èst símplice en toto lo romance, lo resulatato [(d)ʤ] consèrva en positione intervocàlica la pronuntiatione dople (CORRIGIAM > Cat. corretja, Ita. correggia), que èst sistemàtica con lo resultato de altros gruppos de consonante sequita de iòd (Neo. faccîa, fillîa, vinnîa, etc.).
On the other hand, while [j] is simple in all Romance, the result [(d)ʤ] preserves in intervocalic position the double pronunciation ( CORRIGIAM > Cat. corretja , Ita. correggia ), which is systematic with the result of others groups of consonant followed by iodine ( Neo. faccîa , fillîa , vinîa , etc.).

Finalemente, [(d)ʤ] èst la única optione compatíbile con una ortografía etimològica en neolatino, ja que pòte essere representata <(j)j> aut <ggî> secondo lo ètimo: Neo. ja, josso, majjo vs. faggîo. Cuesto èst coherènte con lo uso majoritario en romance en positione initiale, onde se distingue la grafía de los continuatores de Lat. [j-] et [g-]:
Finally, [(d)ʤ] is the only option compatible with an etymological spelling in Neolatin, since it can be represented <(j)j> aut <ggî> according to the etymology: Neo. yes , if , may vs. beech . This is consistent with the majority use in Romance in initial position, where the spelling of the continuators of Lat is distinguished. [j-] and [g-]:

Consequèntemente, cuestos prèstetos grecolatinos han, en neolatino, la grafía <z, zz> et tanto la pronuntiatione [z, zz] (majoritaria) quanto [ʣ, dʣ], en plus de [dʤ] en la variante populare de lo suffixo, escripto <jj> (cortejjare, guerrejjare, verdejjare).
Consequently, these Greco-Latin borrowings have, in Neo-Latin, the spelling <z, zz> and both the pronunciation [z, zz] (majority) as much as [ʣ, dʣ], in addition to [dʤ] in the popular variant of the suffix, escripto <jj> ( courting , fighting , defending ).


UNA ORTOGRAFÍA FLEXÍBILE:
A FLEXIBLE ORTHOGRAPHY:

De una altra parte, la ortografía propòsta por lo neolatino èst flexíbile, adaptàbile ad las divèrsas sensibilitates. Include doas optiones gràficas compatíbiles et combinàbiles: una plus etimològica et una altra plus regulare. En lo Dictionario Essentiale Neolatino se includen sistemàticamente las doas grafías, etimològica et regulare.
On the other hand, the spelling proposed by Neo-Latin is flexible, adaptable to various sensitivities. It includes two compatible and combinable graphic options: one more etymological and another more regular. In the Essential Neo-Latin Dictionary, both spellings, etymological and regular, are systematically included.

La sequènte tabèlla presènta las optiones propòstas por la escriptura de lo neolatino, que permetten ad lo usuario adaptare-lo ad las soas preferèntias por sentire-se plus còmodo:
The following table presents the options proposed by the writing of Neo-Latin, which allow the user to adapt it to their preferences to feel more comfortable:


GRAFÍAS ETIMOLÒGICAS
ETYMOLOGICAL SPELLINGS

GRAFÍAS REGULARES
REGULAR SPELLINGS

lettera, porta, crociare
letter, door, to cross

léttera, pòrta, crocîare
letter, door, crossroad

lingua, inlanguage, in

lengua, enlanguage, in

musca, cunfly, with

mosca, confly, with

pœnapunishment

penapenalty

cæcoblind

cècoCzech

typo

tipotype

graphíagraphy

grafíaspelling

theatrotheater

teatrotheater

chòro

còro

rhetòricarhetoric

retòricarhetoric

havere, inhumano, deshonesto 59
have, inhumane, dishonest 59

avere, inumano, desonesto
to have, inhuman, dishonest

ja, jorno, majjore, mèjjo

gîa, gîorno, maggîore, mèggîo
gira, day, greater, better

kilogrammakilogram

chilogrammakilogram

quattro, quinto 60
fourth, fifth 60

cuattro, cuintofour, five

sexantasixty

secsanta

orationeoration

oratsioneoration

zona, organizzare
zone, organize

zona / dzona, organizzare / organiddzare
zone / zone, organize / organize

et, aut, ad /e(d), aw(d), a(d)/
and, or, to /e(d), aw(d), a(d)/

e/ed, au/aud, a/ad

èst [ɛ / ɛst]east

è/èstis/are

que, qui, quèn [ke, ki, kɛn]
that, who, when [ke, ki, kɛn]

che, chi, chèn


Non obstante, la ortografía que Vía Neolatina recommanda como stàndarde por lo neolatino èst una combinatione equilibrata de las doas optiones (etimològica et regulare): concrètamente las grafías marcatas en blavo en la tabèlla, consideratas plus intuitivas. Los motivos son los sequèntes:
Notwithstanding, the spelling that Vía Neolatina recommends as standard for Neo-Latin is a balanced combination of the two options (etymological and regular): specifically, the spellings marked in blue in the table, considered more intuitive. The reasons are the following:

Non obstante, hi ha qualques exceptiones en lo caso de [kw], notamente Neo. que, qui, quèn, que han perduto la [-w-] en toto lo romance. Lausberg (1965: § 345) lo explica per analogia con QUOD > Lat. vulgare [ko]. Donque, cuestas tres paraulas se pronuntian en neolatino preferèntemente sene [-w-], et cosí altrosí lo compòsto qualque 66. Non obstante, èst conveniènte conservare la grafía traditionale, ja que escrivèndo che, chi, chèn questas frequèntes paraulas pòten essere menos reconoscíbiles por moltos romanòfonos (las lenguas occidentales consèrvan la grafía <qu>, et solamente lo italiano presènta <ch>).
However, there are some exceptions in the case of [kw], notably Neo. that , who , that , that have lost the [-w-] in all Romance. Lausberg (1965: § 345) explains it by analogy with QUOD > Lat. vulgare [to]. Therefore, these three words are pronounced in Neolatin preferably without [-w-], and so on the compound some 66 . However, it is convenient to preserve the traditional spelling, since writing che, chi, chèn these frequent words can be less recognizable by many Romance speakers (Western languages ​​preserve the spelling <qu>, and only Italian presents <ch>).

Lo resultato èst una ortografía stàndarde màximamente intuitiva.
The result is a maximally intuitive standard spelling.


65 De Por. zebra (antico ezebro, ezevro, ezevra), cognato de Cas. cebra (antico zebra, ezebra, enzebra, ezebrera) et Cat. antico
65 Of Por. zebra (ancient ezebro, ezevro, ezevra), related to Cas. cebra (ancient zebra, ezebra, enzebra, ezebrera) and Cat. ancient

atzebra, “prob. issu [...] d'un lat. vulg. *eciferus, du lat. equiferus « cheval sauvage », comp. de equus « cheval » et ferus « sauvage ». Les Portugais ont appliqué le nom d'une espèce d'âne sauvage abondamment répandue dans la Péninsule ibérique jusqu'au XVIe s., au zèbre, animal sauvage qu'ils découvraient en Afrique à cette époque.” (Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé).
atzebra, "prob. from a vulgar Latin *eciferus, from Latin equiferus ‘wild horse’, composed of equus ‘horse’ and ferus ‘wild’. The Portuguese applied the name of a species of wild donkey that was widely spread in the Iberian Peninsula until the 16th century to the zebra, a wild animal they were discovering in Africa at that time." (Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé).

66 Èst altrosí lo caso de altros compòstos: jaqué, perqué, posqué. Mais cui èst possíbile et plus conveniènte la escriptura separata: ja que, per que, pòs que. Evita confusione con altras paraulas finitas per –que que non son compòstos de que et, donque, se pronuntian [-kwe]: cinque, donque, qualonque, neque.
66 The same is true of other compounds: jaqué, perqué, posqué . But where is possible and more convenient the separate writing: since , because , you can that. It avoids confusion with other finite words for - that that are not composed of that and, therefore, are pronounced [-kwe]: five, therefore , any , neque.

  1. 2. 4. GRAFÈMAS
    2. 4. GRAPHEMES

    La sequènte tabèlla presènta los grafèmas neolatinos et los sònos que represèntan. Las grafías non marcatas en blavo son variantes etimològicas prescindíbiles (han una variante simplificata, usata majoritariamente en romance):
    The following table presents the Neo-Latin graphemes and the sounds they represent. The unmarked spellings in blue are dispensable etymological variants (they have a simplified variant, predominantly used in Romance languages):


    GRAFÈMAGRAFFEME

    SÒNO

    EXÈMPLOEXAMPLE

    TRANSCRIPTIONE
    TRANSCRIPTION

    <a>, <à>

    [a]

    vacca, àngolocow, corner

    ['vakka], ['aŋgolo]
    ['vakka], ['angle]

    <æ>

    [ɛ]

    cæcoblind

    (variante etim. de cèco ‘non vidènte’)
    (etymological variant of cèco 'non-seeing')

    ['ʧɛ:ko]['Czech']

    <b>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [b]

    bène

    ['bɛ:ne]

    <c>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [k] ante <a, o, u>[k] before

    casahouse

    ['ka:sa]


    [ʧ] ante <e, i>[ʧ] before

    cèlocello

    ['ʧɛ:lo]['cello]

    <ch>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [k]

    màchina,machine

    ['ma:kina]['machine']



    chòro (variante etim. de còro)
    choro (etymological variant of coro)

    ['kɔ:ɾo]

    <cî>

    [ʧ] ante <a, o, u>[ʧ] before

    crocîare (derivato de croce)
    crocier (derived from cross)

    [kɾo'ʧa:ɾe][kro'tʃa:ɾe]

    <d>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [d]

    damalady

    ['da:ma]

    <dz>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like to have translated.

    [ʣ]

    verdzagreens

    ['veɾʣa]['verja]

    <e>, <é>

    [e]

    estella, léttera
    estella, letter

    [es'tella], ['letteɾa]
    [stella], ['lettera]

    <è>

    [ɛ]

    tèrraearth

    ['tɛra]['terra]

    <f>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [f]

    fòrtestrong

    ['fɔɾte]['forte]

    <g>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like to have translated.

    [g] ante <a, o, u>[g] before

    gommarubber

    ['gomma]rubber


    [ʤ] ante <e, i>[ʤ] before

    legelaw

    ['le:ʤe]

    <gh>

    [g] ante <e, i>before

    portughesePortuguese

    [poɾtu'ge:se]Portuguese

    <gî>

    [ʤ] ante <a, o, u>[j] before

    fugîa (de lo vèrbo fugire)
    fugue (from the verb fugire)

    ['fu:ʤa]

    <h>

    [ ]

    haverehave

    [ a've:ɾe]

    <i>, <í>

    [i]

    artista, víaartist, way

    [aɾ'tista], ['via]

    <i>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [j] en diptòngosDiphthongs

    aria

    ['aɾja]['aria]

    <j>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [ʤ] aut [ʒ] 67
    [ʤ] and [ʒ] 67

    ja

    [ʤa] / [ʒa]

    <k>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [k]

    kilogrammakilogram

    [kilo'gɾamma]kilogram

    <l>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [l]
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    lègereread

    ['lɛ:ʤeɾe]

    <lî>

    [ʎ]

    lîama

    ['ʎa:ma]

    <m>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [m]

    maresea

    ['ma:ɾe]

    <n>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [n]

    nòvenine

    [‘nɔ:ve][nɔ:ve]

    <nî>

    [ɲ]

    nîam!yum!

    ['ɲam]['eat']

    <o>, <ó>

    [o][O]

    gomma, pólvere
    rubber, powder

    ['gomma], ['polveɾe]
    ['rubber], ['powder]

    <ò>

    [ɔ]

    còrpobody

    ['kɔɾpo]['corporeal]

    <œ>

    [e]

    pœna (variante etim. de pena)
    penalty (etymological variant of pena)

    ['pe:na]

    <p>

    [p]
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    patrefather

    ['pa:tɾe]father

    <ph>

    [f]

    graphía (variante etim. de grafía)
    graphy (etymological variant of graphy)

    [gɾa'fi:a][gra'fi:a]

    <qu>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [kw]6868

    aquawater

    ['a:kwa]

    <r>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [ɾ]

    ròsa, marito
    rose, husband

    ['ɾɔ:sa], [ma'ɾi:to]
    ['rosa], [ma'rito]


    67 [ʒ] solamente en positione initiale de paraula. Entre vocales, onde la grafía èst dople (como en majjo, mèjjo), la pronuntiatione única èst [dʤ] (dople).
    67 [ʒ] only in the initial position of a word. Between vowels, where the spelling is double (as in majjo, mèjjo), the unique pronunciation is [dʤ] (double).

    68 Non obstante, exceptionalemente <qu> sòna [k] en las sequèntes paraulas: que, qui, quèn, qualque (ved. § 3.2.3 Ad una ortografía intuitiva et flexíbile). Exsiste, non obstante, una grafía regulare alternativa: che, chi, chèn, qualche.
    68 However, exceptionally <qu> sounds [k] in the following words: que, qui, quèn, que (see § 3.2.3 To an intuitive and flexible spelling ). There is, however, an alternative regular spelling: che, chi, chèn, quai .

    <rh>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [ɾ]

    rhetòrica (variante etim. de retòrica)
    rhetoric (etymological variant of rhetoric)

    [ɾe'tɔ:ɾika]retórica

    <rr>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [r]
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    carrocar

    ['karo]

    <s>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [s]
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    casahouse

    ['ka:sa]

    <sî>

    [ʃ]

    sîèrpa

    ['ʃɛɾpa]

    <t>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [t]
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    tèmpotime

    ['tɛmpo]['tempo]

    <th>

    [t]
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    theatro (variante etim. de teatro)
    theater (etymological variant of theatre)

    [te'atɾo]theater

    <ti>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [ʦj] ante vocale, mais non pòs <s> 69
    [ʦj] before a vowel, but not after 69

    optioneoption

    [op'ʦjo:ne]

    <ts>

    [ʦ]

    altsare

    [al'ʦaɾe]

    <u>, <ú>

    [u]
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    tu, súccaroyou, sugar

    [tu], ['sukkaɾo]
    [you], ['sugar]


    [w] en diptòngosDiphthongs

    causacause

    ['kawsa]

    <v>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [v]

    vinowine

    ['vi:no]['en:yes]

    <w>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [w]
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not clear or is incomplete. Could you please provide a complete sentence or text for translation?

    whisky

    ['wiski]['whiskey]

    <x>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [ks]
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not clear. Could you please provide the text you would like to have translated?

    pròximonext

    ['pɾɔksimo]['proximo]

    <y>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [i]

    whisky

    ['wiski]['whiskey]



    typo (variante etim. de tipo)
    typo (etymological variant of type)

    ['ti:po]


    [j]

    Nòva YorkNew York

    [nɔva 'joɾk]New York

    <z>
    I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

    [z] aut [ʣ][z] out [ʤ]

    zonazone

    ['zo:na] / ['ʣo:na]


    Como se vede en la tabèlla, lo neolatino presènta –como succède en totas las lenguas romànicas– qualques dígrafos (<ch, gh, ts, dz,...>) et signos diacríticos (<´, `, ^). Cuesto èst necessario por representare sònos que lo latino et lo soo alfabèto desconoscevan, tanto consonànticos ([ɲ, ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʦ, ʣ, etc.] quanto vocàlicos ([ɛ, ɔ]), conservando màximamente la grafía latina. Per exèmplo, gratias ad los dígrafos <ch, gh> (màchina, portughese) potemos continuare escrivèndo con <c, g> ante e, i las paraulas que, actualemente, ja non sònan [k, g], como cèlo, lege (escriptos como Lat. CAELUM, LEGEM malgrado la distincta pronuntiatione)70.
    As can be seen in the table, Neolatin presents - as happens in all Romance languages ​​- some digraphs (<ch, gh, ts, dz, ...>) and diacritical marks (< ́, `, ^ ). This is necessary to represent sounds that Latin and its alphabet did not know, both consonants ( [nyj, ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʦ, ʣ, etc.] and vowels ([ɛ, ɔ]), preserving the Latin script as much as possible. For example, thanks to the digraphs <ch, gh> ( machine, Portuguese ) we can continue writing with <c, g> before and, and words that, currently, no longer sound [k, g], such as sky, lege ( written as Lat CAELUM , LEGEM despite the distinct pronunciatione) 70 .

Lo accènto circumflèxo en la nota <î> èst necessario per que, sene elle, la i sonaría normalemente, como en edificio [-ʧjo], religione [-ʤjo-], fòlio [-ljo], Hispania [-nja], visione [-sjo-]. En qualonque caso, èst infrequènte.
The circumflex accent in the note <î> is necessary because, without it, it would sound normally, as in building [-ʧjo], religione [-ʤjo-], folio [-ljo], Hispania [-nja], visione [-show-] . In any case, it is infrequent.


69 Cuesta grafía etimològica, presènte en prèstetos (en paraula hereditarias se usa <ts>), non èst possíbile ante una <i> tònica: primatsía (non *primatiia). De altra parte, post <s>, la pronuntia èst [tj] (non [ʦj]), como en questione, cristiano.
69 This etymological spelling, present in loans (in hereditary words <ts> is used), is not possible before a tonic <i>: primatsía (non * primatiia ). On the other hand, after <s>, the pronunciation is [tj] (not [ʦj]), as in question , Christian .

70 Parte de lo sardo èst una notàbile exceptione cui.
70 Parte de lo sardo is one notable exception to this.

En plus, lo neolatino usa lo accènto acuto (´) et lo grave (`). Indican la accentuatione fonètica, la apertura vocàlica, la non diptongatione, et distinguen qualques homòfonos (ved.
In addition, Neo-Latin uses the acute accent (´) and the grave (`). They indicate phonetic accentuation, vowel opening, non-diphthongization, and distinguish some homophones (see.

§ 3.2.5).


  1. 2. 5. ACCENTUATIONE

    La accentuatione gràfica èst usata en neolatino sopre vocales con quattro functiones: por marcare lo accènto fonètico, lo iato (la non diptongatione), la apertura vocàlica et por differentiare paraulas homòfonas. Non obstante, en totos cuestos casos èst possíbile prescindere de lo accènto gràfico.
    The graphic accentuatione is used in Neolatin on vowels with four functions: to mark the phonetic accent, the iato (non-diphthongization), the vowel opening and to differentiate homophone words. However, in all these cases it is possible to dispense with the graphic accent.

    Las paraulas neolatinas son generalemente paroxítonas (con lo accènto fonètico sopre la penúltima síllaba) et finen per una vocale aut per qualques consonantes que participan en la flexione:
    Neolatin words are generally paroxitonic (with the phonetic accent on the penultimate syllable) and end in a high vowel for some consonants that participate in the inflection:


3. 3. PRONUNTIATIONE
3. 3. PRONUNCIATION

3. 3. 1. QUANTITATE VOCÀLICA
3. 3. 1. VOWEL QUANTITY

En neolatino se distingue entre vocales brèves et lòngas.
In Neo-Latin, a distinction is made between short and long vowels.

Se pronuntian lòngas las vocales tònicas de síllabas apèrtas interiores de paraula quando estan situatas en lo finale de la frase prosòdica (cuesto include las paraulas isolatas) aut son pronuntiatas con émfase 74.
The tonic vowels of open interior syllables of words are pronounced when they are situated at the end of the prosodic phrase (this includes isolated words) or are pronounced with emphasis.



VOCALESVOWELS

BRÈVESBRIEFS


VOCALESVOWELS

LÒNGAS

[a]

<a>, <à>

caldo, àrborebroth, tree

[a:]

<a>, <à>

casa, amàbile
house, lovable

[e]

<e>, <é>

ella, créscereshe, to grow

[e:]

<e>, <é>

rete, néverenet, snow


74 “Stressed vowels are lengthened in word-internal open syllables when they occur at the end of the intonational phrase (thus including isolated words) or under emphasis: cf. casa [‘kaːsa] ‘house’ vs. cassa [‘kasːa] ‘chest’ and casetta [ka'setːa] ‘little house’. Contrary to wide-spread opinion, this lengthening process is thus far from being ad categorical word-level phenomenon [...]. The exact phonetic implementation of the stress-conditioned lengthening process is, in any case, prosodically governed even at the word level [...].” (Bertinetto et Loporcaro, 2005: 136)

[ɛ]

<è>

dèntedétente

[ɛ:]

<è>

bène

[i]

<i>, <í>

mille, símbolo
thousand, symbol

[i:]

<i>, <í>

filo, dícere
thread, to say

[o][O]

<o>, <ó>

coppa, tórtora
cup, turtle dove

[o:]

<o>, <ó>

dono, dódece
donor, twelve

[ɔ]

<ò>

còntracounter

[ɔ:]

<ò>

jòco

[u]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

<u>, <ú>

fuste, legúmenefust, legume

[u:]

<u>, <ú>

puro, músicapure, music


La distinctione de quantitate vocàlica èst uno fenòmeno protoromànico conservato en italiano. Optionalemente, èst possíbile non pronuntiare-lo. (Ved. § 3.3.5 Pronuntiationes regionales).
The distinction of vowel quantity is a proto-Romance phenomenon preserved in Italian. Optionally, it is possible not to pronounce it. (Ved. § 3.3.5 Pronuntiationes regionales).


3. 3. 2. QUANTITATE CONSONÀNTICA
3. 3. 2. QUANTITATIVE CONSONANTIC

En neolatino, totas las consonantes pòten apparere símplices aut doples:
In Neolatin, all consonants can appear simple or double:


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

SÍMPLICESSIMPLICES


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

DOPLES

[p]

<p>

capoboss

[p:]

<pp>

gruppogroup

[b]

<b>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

prohibireprohibit

[b:] (raro 75)(raro 75)

<bb>

abbateabbot

[t]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

<t>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

mutomute

[t:]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

<tt>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

létteraletter

[d]

<d>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

vedereto see

[d:] (raro 76)
[d:] (rare 76)

<dd>

addormire
to fall asleep

[k]

<c> +a, o, u

fòcofocus

[k:]

<cc> +a, o, u

vaccacow

[g]

<g>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like to have translated.

figurafigure

[g:] (raro 77)
[g:] (rare 77)

<gg>

aggruparegrouping

[l]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

<l>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

ala

[l:]

<ll>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

ellashe

[m]

<m>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

comoas

[m:]

<mm>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

gommarubber

[n]

<n>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

bène

[n:]

<nn>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

annoyear

[ɾ]

<r>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

còreheart

[r]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is incomplete or not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

<rr>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

tèrraearth

[f]

<f>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

profundodeep

[f:] (raro)[r:] (rare)

<ff>

diffíciledifficult

[v]

<v>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

provareto try

[v:] (raro)[v:] (rare)

<vv>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

avventuraadventure

[s]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

<s>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

casahouse

[s:]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

<ss>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

prèssopress

[ʦ]

<ts>,
I'm sorry, but it seems that you haven't provided any source text to translate. Please provide the text you'd like me to translate, and I'll be happy to assist you.

<t> + i + vocal

fòrtsa, optione
force, option

[ʦ:] (raro)[ʦ:] (rare)

<tts>

plattsa

[ʧ]

<c> + e, i,

<cî> + a, o, u

croce, crocîare
cross, to crucify

[ʧ:] (raro)[ʧ:] (rare)

<cc> + e, i,

<ccî> + a, o, u

succèdere, faccîasucceed, do

[ʤ][j]

<g> + e, i,

<gî> + a, o, u

<j>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

fugire, fugîaflee, fled

ja, pijamapajamas

[ʤ:] (raro)[ʤ:] (rare)


<ggî> + a, o, u

<jj>

correggîa majjo
corrected more


Qualques consonantes son generalemente doples (simples generalemente en prèstetos):
Some consonants are generally doubled (usually simple in loanwords):


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

SÍMPLICESSIMPLE


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

DOPLES

[ʎ] (raro)[r] (rare)

<lî>

lîama

(< Cas. llama)

[ʎ:]

<llî>

allîoalloy


75 En formas prefixatas, generalemente.
75 In prefixed forms, generally.

76 En formas prefixatas.
76 In prefixed forms.

77 En formas prefixatas.
77 In prefixed forms.

[ɲ] (raro)[n] (rare)

<nî>

nîocchi

(< Ita. gnocchi)Gnocchi

[ɲ:]

<nnî>

linnîa

[ʃ]

<sî>

sîèrpa

(tibetano),(tibetan)

basîare ‘osculare’kissing

[ʃ:]

<ssî>

bassîare

‘descendere’'to descend'


Finalemente, tanto [z], [ʣ] quanto [z:], [ʣ:] son raros (majoritariamente apparen en prèstetos, exceptuando [ʣ] en casos como admòrdzo, onde lo sòno èst nativo):
Finally, both [z], [ʣ] and [z:], [ʣ:] are rare (mostly appearing in loanwords, except for [ʣ] in cases like admòrdzo, where the sound is native):


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

SÍMPLICESSIMPLE


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

DOPLES

[z] (raro 78)
[z] (rare 78)

<z>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

bazarmarket

[z:] (raro 79)
[z:] (rare 79)

<zz>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

utilizzareuse

[ʣ] (raro)[r] (rare)

<dz>,

<z / dz> 80

admòrdzo, zèta / dzèta
admirable, zeta / dzeta

[ʣ:] (raro 81)
[ʣ:] (rare 81)

<ddz>

<zz>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

utiliddzare utilizzare
utilize to use


La distinctione de quantitate consonàntica èst uno fenòmeno protoromànico conservato en italiano et sardo. Optionalemente, èst possíbile non pronuntiare-lo. (Ved. § 3.3.5 Pronuntiationes regionales).
The distinction of consonantal quantity is a Proto-Romance phenomenon preserved in Italian and Sardinian. Optionally, it is possible not to pronounce it. (See § 3.3.5 Regional pronunciations).


3. 3. 3. SIMPLIFICATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS
3. 3. 3. CONSONANT SIMPLIFICATIONS

Los sequèntes gruppos de tres aut quattro consonantes han, en neolatino, doas possíbiles pronuntiationes: una conservatora (complèta) et una altra simplificata, onde cade una de las consonantes (sèmpre occlusiva: [p, t, k, b, d]). Cuesto succède en prèstetos de lo latino.
The following groups of three or four consonants have, in Neolatin, two possible pronunciations: one conservative (complete) and another simplified, where each one of the consonants (always occlusive: [p, t, k, b, d]). This happens in loans from Latin.

Cade la prima consonante
The first consonant drops

<xp>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[(k)sp](k)sp

expansioneexpansion

<xt>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[(k)st](k)st

extèrnoexternal

<xk>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[(k)sk](k)sk

excursioneexcursion

<xc>+ e/i

[(k)sʧ]

excellènteexcellent

<xs>

[(k)ss]

exsístereto exist

<bst>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[(b)st]

abstinèntiaabstinence

<bsc>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[(b)sk]

obscuritateobscurity

<bsc> + e/i

[(b)sʧ]

obscènoobscene

<dscr>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[(d)scr]

adscriptioneassignment

<dstr>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[(d)str]

adstringènteastringent

Cade la consonante mediale
The medial consonant falls.

<rpt>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[ɾ(p)t]

absorptioneabsorption

<lpt>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[l(p)t]

sculptore

<mpt>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[m(p)t]

redemptioneredemption

<stm> / <sthm>

[s(t)m]

astma (var. asthma)
asthma (var. asthma)

<nx>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[n(k)s]

anxiosoanxious


78 En prèstetos de lo grèco et altras lenguas.
78 In loans from Greek and other languages.

79 Únicamente en lo suffixo grèco -izzare.
79 Only in the Greek suffix -izzare.

80 En prèstetos grècos, <z> et <zz> han doos possíbiles pronuntiationes en neolatino: [z] / [ʣ] et [z:] / [ʣ:], respectivamente. La grafía regulare <dz> et <ddz> èst, en cueste caso, menos recommandàbile que la etimològica.
80 In Greek loanwords, <z> and <zz> have two possible pronunciations in Neolatin: [z] / [ʣ] and [z:] / [ʣ:], respectively. The regular spelling <dz> and <ddz> is, in this case, less recommended than the etymological one.

81 Únicamente en lo suffixo grèco –iddzare, como variante de [z:] –izzare.
81 Only in the Greek suffix –iddzare, as a variant of [z:] –izzare.

<xs>

[k(s)s]

exsistereto exist

<nct>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[n(k)t]

conjunctivosubjunctive


3. 3. 4. ASSIMILATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS
3. 3. 4. CONSONANT ASSIMILATIONS

Los sequèntes gruppos de doas consonantes han, en neolatino, doas possíbiles pronuntiationes: una conservatora et una altra con assimilatione regressiva (la seconda consonante assimila la prima). Cuesto èst possíbile tanto en paraulas hereditarias quanto en prèstetos de lo latino.
The following groups of two consonants have, in Neo-Latin, two possible pronunciations: one conservative and another with regressive assimilation (the second consonant assimilates the first). This is possible both in hereditary words and in loans from Latin.

GRAFÈMAGRAFFEME

SÒNO

EXÈMPLOSEXAMPLES

<pt>
Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.

[pt]/[t:]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

sèpte; helicòptero
seventh; helicopter

<bt>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[bt]/[t:]

sobto; obtenere
sobto; obtain

<ct>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is empty. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[kt]/[t:]

lacte; actuale

<vt>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[vt]/[t:]

civtate (< civetate)
civitate (from civetate)

<bd>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[bd]/[d:]

abdòmeneabdomen

<gd>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is not provided. Please provide the text you would like to have translated.

[gd]/[d:]

fregdo (< frégedo); amígdala
fregdo (< frégedo); amygdala

<bv>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[bv]/[v:]

obviareto obviate

<dv>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[dv]/[v:]

advèrbio (var. avvèrbio)
adverb (var. adverb)

<tl>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[tl]/[l:]
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not in a recognizable language or format. Could you please provide a clear text for translation?

espatla (var. espàtola); atlèta
spatula (var. spatula); athlete

<bm>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[bm]/[mm]

submissionesubmission

<dm>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[dm]/[m:]

administrare (var. amministrare)to manage

<dn>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[dn]/[n:]

adnotare (var. annotare)
to annotate (var. to note)

<mn>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[mn]/[n:]

dòmna; gimnasio
lady; gymnasium

<br>
Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.

[bɾ]/[r]

subrogaresubrogate

<ps>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[ps]/[s:]

capsa; lapso
capsule; lapse

<x>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[ks]/[s:]

còxa; exèmplo
thigh; example

<bs>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[bs]/[s:]

absènteabsent

<rs>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text is missing. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[ɾs]/[s:]

orso; univèrso
bear; universe

<cti>+ vocale+ vocal

[kʦj]/[tʦj]

actioneaction

<pti>+ vocale+ vocal

[pʦj]/[tʦj][tsj]/[tʦj]

optioneoption

<cc>+ e/i+ e/i

[kʧ]/[tʧ]

accèndere; accidènte
ignite; accident

<bj>
I'm sorry, but it seems that the source text you provided is not visible. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.

[bʤ]/[dʤ][j]/[dʒ]

sobjogare; objècto
sobjogare; object


Nota: non hi ha assimilatione regressiva en altros gruppos consonànticos, como <st> visto,
Note: there is no regressive assimilation in other consonant groups, such as seen,

<sc> discòrdia, <lt> altitúdine, <mp> límpido, <mf> triumfo, <nt> documènto, <nc>
discord, altitude, clear, triumph, document

provincia, <nd> càndido, <ng> angina, <nv> convèxo., <ns> ascensione, etc.
province, candid, angina, convex., ascension, etc.


  1. 3. 4. REFORTSAMÈNTO FONETICOSINTÀCTICO
    3.4. PHONETIC-SYNTACTIC REFORMULATION

    Lo refortsamènto foneticosintàctico (RF) èst uno fenòmeno de fonètica sintàctica que ha orígine en la assimilatione de una antica consonante finale ad una consonante sequènte:
    The phonetic-syntactic reinforcement (RF) is a phenomenon of syntactic phonetics that originates from the assimilation of an ancient final consonant to a subsequent consonant:

En quanto a la escriptura, èst possíbile una grafía etimològica <et, aut, ad> aut una grafía plus fonològica. Cuesta, secondo lo caso, sería:
As for the writing, an etymological spelling is possible aut a more phonological spelling. Cost, if applicable, would be:

  1. <e, au, a> en positione isolata (per exèmplo: Falta la prepositione a), aut sèmpre si se òpta per elimiare complètamente lo RF;
    in isolated position (for example: Falta the preposition a), either you always opt to completely eliminate the RF;

  2. <ed, aud, ad> ante vocale au consonante. La grafía etimològica èst prefferíbile:
    vowel ante to consonant. The etymological spelling is preferable:

  3. 3. 5. PRONUNTIATIONES REGIONALES
    3.5. REGIONAL PRONUNCIATIONS

    Los parlantes applican ad lo neolatino, inevitàbilemente, qualques características sonòras de la(s) lengua(s) que ja conoscen. Questo non èst necessariamente uno problema por la communicatione. De facto, èst bèllo, et interessante por lo conoscimènto mútuo de las divèrsas communitates linguísticas. :
    Speakers inevitably apply some sound characteristics of the languages they already know to the neo-Latin language. This is not necessarily a problem for communication. In fact, it is beautiful and interesting for the mutual understanding of the various linguistic communities.

    En lo caso de los romanòfonos, los sequèntes fenòmenos, que son molto probàbiles en los parlantes de qualques romances, non deverían impedire la communicatione. Non obstante, èst possíbile que qualques sèan plus problemàticos que altros (ved. § 3.1 Sònos fundamentales et variantes):
    In the case of the Romani speakers, the following phenomena, which are very likely in speakers of some Romance languages, should not hinder communication. However, it is possible that some are more problematic than others (see § 3.1 Fundamental sounds and variants):

    Fenòmenos consonànticos:
    Consonant phenomena:


    84 La neutralizzatione de las oppositiones /e, o/ vs. /ɛ, ɔ/ non èst uno problèma por lo sistèma neolatino. Uno romance con cuesta oppositione como lo catalano ha varietates que non facen ja la distinctione.
    The neutralization of the oppositions /e, o/ vs. /ɛ, ɔ/ is not a problem for the Neo-Latin system. A Romance language with such opposition like Catalan has varieties that no longer make the distinction.

    ÍndiceIndex

  4. MORFOLOGÍA NOMINALE
    NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY

  1. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES
    1. GENERAL QUESTIONS

    Sequèndo la tendèntia evolutiva generale de lo romance, lo neolatino consèrva de lo latino la concordantia de gènere et número mais reduce la declinatione ad los pronomes personales. Exèmplos:
    According to the general evolutionary trend of the Romance languages, Neo-Latin preserves the agreement of gender and number from Latin but reduces the declension to personal pronouns. Examples:

    1. la luna plena
      the full moon

    2. Ella èst una fotògrafa de la natura. Le place molto la luna et quando èst plena la fotografía.
      She is a nature photographer. She really likes the moon and when it is full, she takes photographs.

En lo exèmplo 1 se obsèrva uno sintagma onde artículo et adjectivo concòrdan con lo substantivo que complemèntan. Totos son femeninos singulares.
In example 1, there is a phrase where the article and adjective agree with the noun they complement. All are feminine singular.

En lo exèmplo 2 se obsèrva como lo pronome personale de 3ª persona femenino cambia de forma secondo la soa functione: subjècto (ella), objècto indirècto (le) aut objècto dirècto (la).
In example 2, it is observed how the third person feminine personal pronoun changes form according to its function: subject (she), indirect object (to her) or direct object (her).


4. 2. SUBSTANTIVOS ET ADJECTIVOS: GÈNERE
4.2. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: GENDER

En neolatino, como en latino et romance, hi ha gènere grammaticale. Non obstante, mèntre lo latino haveva tres gèneres (masculino, femenino et nèutro), lo neolatino ne consèrva solamente doos (masculino et femenino), sequèndo la tendèntia generale de lo romance.85
In Neo-Latin, as in Latin and Romance, there is grammatical gender. However, while Latin had three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), Neo-Latin only preserves two (masculine and feminine), following the general trend of Romance.


4. 2. 1. SUBSTANTIVOS: GÈNERE
4. 2. 1. NOUNS: GENDER

Generalemente, los substantivos finitos per –o son masculinos, los terminatos per –a son femeninos, et los accapatos per –e son masculinos aut femeninos (secondo lo substantivo). Non obstante, hi ha qualques (paucas) exceptiones, notamente mano f et día m, mais altrosí múltiples prèstetos grècos conclusos per –a que pòten èssere masculinos et femeninos (internauta, dentista, etc.).
Generally, nouns ending in –o are masculine, those ending in –a are feminine, and those ending in –e can be either masculine or feminine (depending on the noun). However, there are some (few) exceptions, notably mano f and día m, but also many Greek loanwords ending in –a that can be masculine or feminine (internauta, dentista, etc.).


4. 3. 2. ADJECTIVOS: GÈNERE
4. 3. 2. ADJECTIVES: GENDER

Por formare lo femenino de los adjectivos masculinos finitos per –o, se substitúe la última vocale per –a: bòno m bòna f. Los adjectivos finitos per –e son, originariamente, invariàbiles, mais haven altrosí una variante femenina finita per –a: alècre m alècre/alècra f, differènte m differènte/differènta f, grande m grande/granda f, verde m verde/verda f.
To form the feminine of masculine adjectives ending in -o , the last vowel is replaced by -a : good mgood f . The adjectives ending in - and are, originally, invariable, but have otherwise a feminine variant ending in -a : alècre malècre/alècra f , different mdifferent/different f , great mgreat/green f , green mgreen/green f .

ADJECTIVOSADJECTIVES

-o·-a

-e·-e/-a

sg. m.

bòno

alècrecheerful

sg. f.

bònabona

alècre/alècra


85 Lo rumèno sí have un tèrtso gènere, mais non èst pròpriamente nèutro: cuessas paraulas son masculinas en singulare et femeninas en plurale.
The Romanian language has a third gender, but it is not strictly neutral: these words are masculine in the singular and feminine in the plural.

4. 3. SUBSTANTIOS ET ADJECTIVOS: NÚMERO
4.3. SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES: NUMBER

4. 3. 1. PLURALE SIGMÀTICO (-S)
4. 3. 1. SIGMATIC PLURAL (-S)

Como norma generale, por formare lo plurale de los substantivos masculinos aut femeninos finitos per vocale –o , -a, -e , se additiona una –s: govèrno m sg. govèrnos m pl, dolore m sg.
As a general rule, to form the plural of masculine and feminine nouns ending in vowel -o, -a, -e, an -s is added: government m sg. →governments m pl, pain m sg.

dolores m pl, día m sg. días m pl, casa f. sg. casas f. pl, gènte f. sg. gèntes f. pl, mano f. sg.
→pain m pl, day m sg. →days m pl, house f sg. →houses f pl, people f sg. →peoples f pl, hand f sg.

manos f. pl.hands f. pl.

Por formare lo plurale de los substantivos masculinos aut femeninos finitos per consonante, se additiona –es: bar m sg. bares m pl, stàndard m sg. stàndardes m pl.
To form the plural of masculine or feminine nouns ending in a consonant, -es is added: bar m sg. → bares m pl, stàndard m sg. → stàndardes m pl.

Por formare lo plurale de los adjectivos masculinos aut femeninos finitos per vocale, se additiona una –s: bòno m sg. bònos m pl, bòna m sg. bònas m pl, alègre m sg. alègres m pl, alègre/alègra f. sg. alègres/alègras f. pl.
To form the plural of masculine and feminine adjectives ending in vowel, an -s is added: bòno m sg.good m pl , good m sg.good m pl , cheerful m sg.cheerful m pl , cheerful/cheerful f. sg.cheerful/cheerful f. pl .


SUBSTANTIVOSNOUNS

-s

-es

sg. m.

govèrno, dolore, dia
government, pain, day

bar

pl. m.

govèrnos, dolores, dias
governments, pains, days

baresbears

sg. f.

casa, gènte, mano
house, people, hand


pl. f.

casas, gèntes, manos
houses, people, hands



ADJECTIVOSADJECTIVES

-s

-s/-as

sg. m.

bòno

alègrecheerful

pl. m.

bònos

alègrescheerful

sg. f.

bònabona

alègre/alègracheerful

pl. f.

bònas

alègres/alègras
cheerful/cheerful (feminine)


Son una exceptione los demostrativos: cueste m sg. cuestos m pl (non cuestes), cuesse
They are an exception the demonstratives: cueste m sg. → cuestos m pl (not cuestes), cuesse

m sg. cuessos m pl, cuelle m sg. cuellos m pl.


4. 3. 2. PLURALE VOCÀLICO
4. 3. 2. VOCALIC PLURAL

Qualques substantivos masculinos haven, en plus de lo plurale regulare, una variante vocalica en –a, plus traditionale. Deriva de uno plurale nèutro latino en –A, que en romance èst reinterpretato como femenino. Exèmplos: braccîo m sg. braccîos m pl /braccîa f. pl, dégeto
Some masculine nouns have, in addition to the regular plural, a vowel variant in - a , more traditional. It derives from a Latin neutral plural in - A , which in Romance is reinterpreted as feminine. Examples: braccîo m sg.arms m pl / arm f. pl , dégeto

m sg. dégetos m pl/dégeta f. pl, òsso m sg. òssos m pl/òssa f. pl, òvo m sg. òvos m pl/òva f. pl. Cuesto plurale irregulare have una variante semiregularizzata, en –as: braccîas f. pl, dégetas f. pl, òssas f. pl, òvas f. pl.
m sg. finger m pl/fingers f. pl, bone m sg. bones m pl/bone f. pl, egg m sg. eggs m pl/egg f. pl. This irregular plural has a semi-regularized variant, in –as: bracelets f. pl, fingers f. pl, bones f. pl, eggs f. pl.

SUBSTANTIVOS CON 2 GÈNERES
NOUNS WITH 2 GENDERS

-s/-as/-a

sg. m.

òvo, dégetoegg, finger

pl. m.

òvos, dégetos
eggs, fingers

sg. f.

-

pl. f.

òvas/òva, dégetas/dégeta

Lo romance orientale (italiano, rumèno) presènta plurales vocàlicos de manaria generalizzata:
The Eastern romance (Italian, Romanian) presents generalized vocalic plurals.

sg.) La capra blanca et lo lopo negro
The white goat and the black wolf

pl.) Las capras blancas et los lopos negros pl. orientale) Le capre blanche et li lopi negri
The white goats and the black wolves

Cuesto secondo tipo de plurale vocàlico èst una consequèntia de la caduta de tota –s finale en lo romance orientale, una evolutione fonètica particulare que affècta non solamente ad la morfología nominale mais altrosí ad la verbale et altras paraulas. Non èst recommandàbile en neolatino, mais èst conveniènte conoscere-la.
This second type of vowel plural is a consequence of the fall of all - s final in Eastern Romance, a particular phonetic evolution that affects not only the nominal morphology but also the verbal and other words. It is not recommended in Neo-Latin, but it is convenient to know it.


4. 4. PRONOMES PERSONALES
4. 4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS


PRONOMESPRONOUNS

TònicosTonic

ÀtonosAtonos

SubjèctoSubject

Depòs de prepositione
Deposit of preposition

Objècto Dirècto
Direct Object

Objècto Indirècto
Indirect Object

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

èoeo

mime

me

me

2ª ps. sg.
2nd person singular.

tuyou

ti

te

te

3ª ps. sg. m.
3rd person singular masculine.

ello/ellehello/they

lui/ello/ellehe/it/she

lo

le/lîethe/lîe

3ª ps. sg. f.
3rd person singular feminine.

ellashe

lei/ellahe/she

lathe

le/lîethe/lîe

3ª ps. sg. n.
3rd person singular neuter.

elloHello

elloHello



3ª ps. sg. ref.
3rd person singular reference.


yes

se

se

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

nós, nosaltros· nosaltras f
we, us (feminine)

nós, nosaltros· nosaltras f
we, us (feminine)

nosus

nosus

2ª ps. pl
2nd person plural

vós, vosaltros· vosaltras f
you, you (plural masculine), you (plural feminine)

vós, vosaltros· vosaltras f
you, you (plural masculine), you (plural feminine)

vosyou

vosyou

3ª ps. pl. m.
3rd person plural masculine.

ellosthey

loro/ellosthey

losthe

les/loro (ved. nota)
the/them (see note)

3ª ps. pl. f.
3rd person plural feminine.

ellasthey

loro/ellasthey

lasthe

les/loro (ved. nota)
the/them (see note)

3ª ps. pl. ref.
3rd person plural reflexive.


yes

se

se

(Nota: Lo pronome loro non èst àtono)
(Note: The pronoun "loro" is not unstressed)


Advèrbios pronominales: ne, hi. (ved. § 5.6 sopre hi èst/hi son /hi ha).
Pronominal adverbs: ne, hi. (see § 5.6 above hi est/hi son/hi ha).

Los pronomes àtonos (sene loro) se unen ad lo vèrbo con uno tracto quando lo sèquen. La forma de cortesía èst la 2ª ps. pl.: vós.
The atonous pronouns (without loro) are united to the verb with a hyphen when they follow it. The form of courtesy is the 2nd ps. pl.: you.


4. 5. RELATIVOS
4. 5. RELATIVES

Los principales relativos neolatinos son: como, cujjo·cujja f, onde, ove, quale (lo quale·la quale∤quala f·los quales m pl·las quales∤qualas f. pl), quando, quanto, que, qui.
The main neo-Latin relatives are: how, whose, where, which, which (the which·the which∤which f·the which m pl·the which∤which f. pl), when, how much, that, who.

4. 6. ARTÍCULOS
4. 6. ARTICLES

Artículos definitos: lo m·la f·los m pl·las f. pl. Exsiste, altrosí, uno artículo singulare nèutro: lo
Definite articles: the m·la f·los m pl·las f. pl. There also exists a singular neuter article: the

n. Las tres formas singulares haven la variante l’, que se pòte usare, optionalemente, ante vocale aut <h>.
The three singular forms have the variant l’, which can be optionally used before a vowel or .

Artículos indefinitos: uno m·una f·unos m pl·unas f. pl. Lo artículo uno have la variante un, que pòte usare-se, optionalemente, ante vocale aut <h> (en cuesta positione, uno èst regulare mais antico). En plus, exsisten los artículos plurales de los pl, de las f. pl, equivalèntes ad unos et unas, respectivamente.
Indefinite articles: one m · one f · one m pl · one f. pl . The article one has the variant a , which can be used, optionally, before the vowel aut <h> (in this position, one is regular but ancient). In addition, there are plural articles of the pl , of the f. pl , equivalent to ones and ones , respectively .

Artículos partitivos: de lo m·de la f·de los m pl·de las f. pl (de plus los artículos definitos). En neolatino son facoltativos.
Partitive articles: of the m·of the f·of the m pl·of the f. pl (of plus the definite articles). In Neo-Latin they are optional.

ARTÍCULOSARTICLES

definitosdefined

indefinitosindefinite

partitivospartitives

sg. m.

lo/l’the

uno/unone/a

de lo/de l’of the

sg. f.

la/l’the

unaone

de la/de l’of the

sg. n.

lo/l’the


de lo/de l’of the

pl. m.

losthe

unos, de lossome, of the

de losof the

pl. f.

lasthe

unas, de lassome, of the

de lasof the



ad

de

da

sg. m.

ad lo (/ad l’) / allo (all’)
to the (to the) / to the (to the)

de lo (/de l’) / dello (dell’)of the

da lo (/da l’) / dallo (dall’)
from the / from the (to the)

sg. f.

ad la (/ad l’) / alla (all’)
to the (to the) / to the (to the)

de la (/de l’) / della (dell’)of the

da la (/da l’) / dalla (dall’)
from the (from the) / from the (from the)

sg. n.

ad lo (/ad l’) / allo (all’)
to the (to the) / to the (to the)

de lo (/de l’) / dello (dell’)of the

da lo (/da l’) / dallo (dall’)
from the / from the (to the)

pl. m.

ad los / allos
to the / others

de los / dellosof them

da los / dallos
give them / from them

pl. f.

ad las / allas

de las / dellasof them

da las / dallasdallas

Lo artículo se collòca ante lo substantivo, sequèndo lo uso majoritario en romance. Prepositiones articulatas:
The article is placed before the noun, according to the majority usage in Romance languages. Articulated prepositions:


En qualques romances exsisten altrosí altras prepositiones articulatas: per/por (por.) et en
In some romances, there also exist other articulated prepositions: per/por (for.) and en.

(por. ita). En lo caso de en, la vocale de la prepositione cade.
In the case of "en," the vowel of the preposition falls away.


4. 7. POSSESSIVOS
4.7. POSSESSIVES

POSSESSIVOSPOSSESSIVES

sg.

pl.

PLENOS

m.

f.

m.

f.

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

mèocat

mèa

mèoscats

mèas

2ª ps. sg.
2nd person singular.

too

toa

toos

toastoast

3ª ps. sg.
3rd person singular.

sooso

soa

soos

soas

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

nòstroour

nòstraour

nòstrosours

nòstrasours

2ª ps. pl.
2nd person plural.

vòstroyour

vòstrayour

vòstrosyours

vòstrasyour

Hi son doas sèries de possessivos en neolatino: las formas plenas et las redoctas. Los possessivos plenos pòten funtionare de adjectivos et pronomes.
Hi son, two series of possessives in Neo-Latin: the full forms and the reduced ones. The full possessives can function as adjectives and pronouns.

3ª ps. pl.
3rd person plural.

lorothey

loro / lorathey / them

lorosparrots

loros / lorasparrots

sooso

soa

soos

soas


Ante los pronomes possessivos èst obligatòria la inclusione de lo artículo determinato correspondènte (ex: lo mèo, la toa, los soos, las nòstras, etc.). Cuesto non èst necessario ante los adjectivos possessivos, mais exsiste, optionalemente, la possibilitate de inclúdere lo artículo altrosí ante los adjectivos possessivos plenos.
In front of possessive pronouns, the inclusion of the corresponding definite article is mandatory (e.g., my, your, their, our, etc.). This is not necessary in front of possessive adjectives, but there is, optionally, the possibility of including the article also in front of full possessive adjectives.

Los possessivos redoctos solamente pòten funtionare de adjectivos, et se usan sèmpre sene artículos. So uso èst fòrse plus appropriato en lo registro poètico, specialmente las formas nò, nòs, vò, vòs, que son molto minoritarias en romance.
Possessive pronouns can only function as adjectives, and they are always used without articles. Their use is perhaps more appropriate in the poetic register, especially the forms nò, nòs, vò, vòs, which are very minority in Romance.

POSSESSIVOSPOSSESSIVES

sg.

pl.

REDOCTOS

m.

f.

m.

f.

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

mo

ma

mos

masbut

2ª ps. sg.
2nd person singular.

to

ta

tos

tastask

3ª ps. sg.
3rd person singular.

so

sa

sos

sas

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

no

nòswe

2ª ps. pl.
2nd person plural.

vòsvoice

3ª ps. pl.
3rd person plural.

so

sa

sos

sas


4. 8. DEMOSTRATIVOS
4. 8. DEMONSTRATIVES

Los demostrativos masculinos et femeninos pòten functionare de adjectivos et pronomes. Los nèutros solamente actúan como pronomes.
The masculine and feminine demonstratives can function as adjectives and pronouns. The neuters only act as pronouns.

DEMOSTRATIVOS
DEMONSTRATIVES

m.

f.

n. (pron.)

sg.

pl.

sg.

pl.

sg.

cuesto/cuestecost

cuestoscosts

cuestacost

cuestasslopes

cuesto, cuò

cuesso/cuesse

cuessos

cuessa

cuessas

cuesso

cuello/cuelleneck

cuellosnecks

cuella

cuellas

cuelloneck


4. 9. INTERROGATIVOS
4. 9. INTERROGATIVES

Los principales interrogativos neolatinos son: como, onde, ove, quale la f, quando, quanto
The main Neo-Latin interrogatives are: how, where, where, which ≠ the f, when, how much.

=ta f, que, qui/quèn.
=ta f, that, who/whom.

Èst possíbile accentuare gràficamente los interrogativos, et èst conveniènte specialemente quando pòta havere-hi ambiguitate.
It is possible to graphically accentuate interrogatives, and it is advisable especially when there may be ambiguity.


4. 10. INDEFINITOS ET QUANTITATIVOS
4. 10. INDEFINITE AND QUANTITATIVE

Los principales indefinitos neolatinos son: assates, alcuno (=nos pl =na f. =nas f. pl), altro (=os
The main Neo-Latin indefinites are: assates, alcuno (=nos pl =na f. =nas f. pl), altro (=os

pl =ra f. =ras f. pl), bastante (=es pl =te/ta f. =tes/tas f. pl), cata, cata uno (=na f.), cèrto =ta f,
pl =ra f. =ras f. pl), quite (=es pl =te/ta f. =tes/tas f. pl), cata, cata one (=na f.), cèrto =ta f,

divèrsos (=sas f.), màis, menos, mesmo (=os pl. =ma f. =mas f. pl.), molto (=ta f.), necuno,
various (=f.), but, less, same (=pl. =f. =f. pl.), much (=f.), no one,

necuno (=na f.), necuna causa, necuna persona, pauco (=os pl. =ca f=cas f. pl.), òmne, plus, qualque, quanto (=os pl. =ta f. =tas f. pl.), se, tale (=les pl. ≠la f. ≠las f. pl.), tanto (=os pl. =ta f.
nobody (=the f. ), no cause, no person, little (= the f = cas f. pl. ), everyone, plus, some, how much (=the f . , pl. ), if, such (=the pl. ≠the f. ≠the f. pl. ), both (=the pl. =that f.

=tas f. pl.), toto (=os pl. =ta f. =tas f. pl.), tròppo (=os pl. =pa f. =pas f. pl.), uno (=os pl. =na f. =nas

f. pl.).


4. 11. NUMERALES
4. 11. NUMERALS


CARDINALESCARDINALS

ORDINALESORDINALS

0

zèrozero

1

unoone

1st

primofirst

2

doos mbox m

2nd

secondosecond

3

tresthree

3rd

tèrtso

4

quattro/quàttorofour

4th

quartoquarter

5

cinquefive

5th

quintofifth

6

sèxe, sèxsex, sex

6th

sèxtosixth

7

sèpteseventh

7th

sèptimoseventh

8

òctoocto

8th

octavoeighth

9

nòvenine

9th

nono

10

dècedecade

10º10th

dècimotenth

11

óndeceondece

11º11th

dècimo-primo / undècimo
eleventh / twelfth

12

dódecetwelve

12º12th

dècimo-secondo / duodècimo
twelfth / twelfth

13

trédecethirteen

13º13th

dècimo-tèrtsothirteenth

14

quattórdecefourteen

14º

dècimo-quartofourteenth

15

quíndecefifteen

15º

dècimo-quintofifteenth

16

decesèxdecessex

16º

dècimo-sèxtosixteenth

17

decesèptedeceptive

17º

dècimo-sèptimoseventeenth

18

deceòcto

18º

dècimo-octavoeighteenth

19

decenòvenineteen

19º19th

dècimo-nononineteenth

20

vientetwenty

20º

vientèsimo / vigèsimotwentieth

21

viente-et-unotwenty-one

21º

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-primo
twentieth ∤ twenty-first

22

viente-et-doostwenty-two

22º

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-secondo
twentieth ∤ twenty-second

23

viente-et-trestwenty-three

23º

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-tèrtso
twentieth ∤ twenty-third

24

viente-et-quattrotwenty-four

24º

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-quarto
twentieth ∤ twenty-fourth

25

viente-et-cinquetwenty-five

25º

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-quinto
twentieth ∤ twenty-fifth

26

viente-et-sèistwenty-six

26º

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-sèxto
twentieth ∤ twenty-sixth

27

viente-et-sèptetwenty-seven

27º

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-sèptimo
twentieth ∤ twenty-seventh

28

viente-et-òctotwenty-eight

28º

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-octavo
twentieth ∤ twenty-eighth

29

viente-et-nòvetwenty-nine

29º

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-nono
twentieth ∤ twenty-ninth

30

trentathirty

30º

trentèsimo / trigèsimo
thirtieth / thirtieth

40

quarantaforty

40º

quarantèsimo / quadragèsimofortieth

50

cinquantafifty

50º

cinquantèsimo / quinquagèsimo
fiftieth / fiftieth

60

sexantasixty

60º

sexantèsimo / sexagèsimosixtieth

70

septantaseventy

70º

septantèsimo / septuagèsimo
seventieth / seventieth

80

octantaeighty

80º

octantèsimo / octogèsimo
eightieth / eightieth

90

novantaninety

90º

novantèsimo / nonagèsimoninetieth

100

cèntocento

100º

centèsimohundredth

101

cènto uno
one hundred one

101º

centèsimo primo
one hundred first

200

doos-cèntostwo hundred

200º

doos-centèsimo
two-hundredth

1 000

millethousand

1 000º1,000º

milèsimothousandth

1 001

mille uno
one thousand one

1 001º1,001º

milèsimo primo
thousandth first

2 000

doos-mille

2 000º2,000º

doos-milèsimotwelfth


1 000 000º1,000,000º

milionèsimomillionth


Se usan tractos (-) por unire las decenas et las unitates ad partire de lo 21: viente-et- uno, ..., novanta-et-nòve. Altrosí con las centenas et los milièros: doos-cèntos, ..., nòve- cèntos; doos-mille, ..., nòve-mille.
Hyphens (-) are used to join tens and units from 21: twenty-one, ..., ninety-nine . Likewise with the hundreds and the thousands: two hundred, ..., nine hundred ; box-mile, ..., nine-mile.


MULTIPLICATIVOS
MULTIPLICATIVES


FRACTIONARIOSFRACTIONAL

x 2

doplodouble

1 / 2

mèjjo

x 3

triplotriple

1 / 3

uno tèrtsoa third

x 4

quàdruploquadruple

1 / 4

uno quartoone quarter

x 5

quíntuploquintuple

1 / 5

uno quintoone fifth

x 6

sèxtuplosixfold

1 / 6

uno sèxtoone sixth

x 7

sèptuploseptuple

1 / 7

uno sèptimoone seventh

x 8

òctuplooctuple

1 / 8

uno octavoone eighth

x 9

nónuplononuple

1 / 9

uno nonoone ninth

x 10

dècuplotenfold

1 / 10

uno dècimoone tenth

x 100

cèntuplocentuple

1 / 100

uno centèsimo
one hundredth


Lo resto de numerales multiplicativos se constrúen con lo correspondènte número cardinale sequito de veces plus (ex. óndece veces plus), et lo resto de fractionarios con lo correspondènte número ordinale sequito de parte aut fractione (ex. la dècimo-prima parte).
The rest of the multiplicative numerals are constructed with the corresponding cardinal number of times plus (ex. óndece times plus ), and the rest of fractional numbers with the corresponding ordinale number of parts aut fractione (ex. the tenth-first part ).

Qualques numerales cardinales haven formas femeninas: doas et los suos compòstos (viente-et-doas, trenta-et-doas, etc.) et doas -cèntas, tres-cèntas, etc.
Some cardinal numbers have feminine forms: two and their compounds (twenty-two, thirty-two, etc.) and two hundred, three hundred, etc.

Totos los numerales ordinales, multiplicativos et fractionarios haven formas femeninas, que se constrúen regularemente: primo =ma f, secondo =da f, tèrtso =sa f, doplo =la f, mèjjo =ja f, uno tèrtso · una tèrtsa f, etc. En los numerales compòstos, la forma femenina solamente se differèntia per la última vocale: dècimo-prima.
All ordinal, multiplicative and fractional numerals have feminine forms, which are regularly constructed: primo = ma f , second = da f , tertso =sa f , doplo =la f , mejjo = ja f , uno tertso · una tertsa f , etc . In the compound numerals, the feminine form only differed by the last vowel: tenth-prime.


COLLECTIVOSCOLLECTIVES

2

pare, parecla

3

tèrna, trío
triplet, trio

10

decenaten

12

dodecenadozen

100

centenahundred

1 000

miliario/millîariomilestone

1 000 000

milione/millîonemillion

ÍndiceIndex

5. MORFOLOGÍA VERBALE
5. VERBAL MORPHOLOGY

5. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES
5.1. GENERAL QUESTIONS

5. 1. 1. FLEXIONE
5. 1. 1. FLEXION

Como en totos los romances, los vèrbos neolatinos se pòten flexionare secondo divèrsas personas (1ª, 2ª, 3ª), números (singulare, plurale), tèmpos (presente, futuro, etc.), aspèctos (perfectivo, imperfectivo, etc.) et mòdos (indicativo, subjunctivo, conditionale, imperativo).
As in all Romance, Neo-Latin verbs can be inflected according to various persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd), numbers (singular, plural), tenses (present, future, etc.), aspects (perfect, imperfect, etc.) and modes (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative).

Ecco, como exèmplo, la flexione de lo vèrbo cantare, onde se vede que qualques tèmpos, clamatos compòstos, besonnîan uno vèrbo auxiliare:
Here, as an example, the inflection of the verb cantare, where it is seen that some tenses, called compounds, need an auxiliary verb:


CANTARESING

TÈMPOS SÍMPLICESSIMPLE TIMES

TÈMPOSTIME

COMPÒSTOSCOMPOUNDS

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVO PASSATO
PAST INFINITIVE

cantaresing

haverehave

cantatosang

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIO PASSATOPAST GERUND

cantandosinging

havèndo

cantatosang

PARTICIP. PRES.


cantantesinger

PARTICIP. PASS.

cantatosang

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PASSATO PRÒXIMO
PASSATO PROXIMO

cantocorner

habbio / hajjo / hao / hai 86

cantatosang

cantasyou sing

haves / has

cantatosang

cantasing

have / ha

cantatosang

cantamoswe sing

havemos / hemos
we have / we have

cantatosang

cantatessing

havetes / hetes
pregnant / pregnant

cantatosang

cantanthey sing

haven / havon / han
the garden / havon / he

cantatosang

PASS. IMPERF.

PASSATO ANTERIORE PRÒXIMO
ANTERIOR PAST PROXIMO

cantava / cantavo
sang / I sang

haveva / havevo
hadva / hadvo

cantatosang

cantavasyou sang

havevas

cantatosang

cantavaHe sang

havevahad

cantatosang

cantavamoswe sang

havevamoswe had

cantatosang

cantavates

havevates

cantatosang

cantavan

havevan

cantatosang

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASSATO ANTERIORE REMOTO
REMOTE ANTERIOR PAST

cantaising

havei

cantatosang

cantaste

havestehadest

cantatosang

cantausinging

haveuyou have

cantatosang

cantammoswe sing

havemmos

cantatosang


86 Ved. las explicationes de las variantes de lo vèrbo auxiliare en la conjugatione de havere.
86 Ved. the explanations of the variants of the auxiliary verb in the conjugation of havere.

cantastesyou sang

havesteshadestes

cantatosang

cantaronsang

haveron

cantatosang

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTURO ANTERIORE
FUTURE PERFECT

cantarao / cantarai

hav(e)rao / hav(e)rai
have you / have you (plural)

cantatosang

cantaràs
you will sing

hav(e)ràs
you will have

cantatosang

cantaràwill sing

hav(e)ràwill have

cantatosang

cantaremoswe will sing

hav(e)remoswe will have

cantatosang

cantaretes

hav(e)retes

cantatosang

cantaràn
they will sing

hav(e)rànwill have

cantatosang

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PASSATOPAST

cantesing

habbia / hajja

cantatosang

cantes

habbias / hajjas

cantatosang

cantesing

habbia / hajja

cantatosang

cantemoslet's sing

habbiamos / hajjamos
we had / we went on pilgrimage

cantatosang

cantetes

habbiates / hajjates

cantatosang

cantensing

habbian / hajjan

cantatosang

PASS. IMPERF.

PASSATO ANTERIORE
PAST ANTERIOR

cantasse / cantasso
sang / I sang

havesse / havesso

cantatosang

cantasses

havesseshaveses

cantatosang

cantassesang

havesse

cantatosang

cantàssemoswe sang

havéssemoswe had

cantatosang

cantàssetes

havésseteshaveset

cantatosang

cantassen

havessenhavesen

cantatosang

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PASSATO IPAST I

cantaría / cantarío
I would sing / I will sing

hav(e)ría / hav(e)río
havería / haverío

cantatosang

cantarías
you would sing

hav(e)rías
you would have

cantatosang

cantaríawould sing

hav(e)ríawould have

cantatosang

cantariamos
we would sing

hav(e)riamos
we would have

cantatosang

cantariates

hav(e)riateshaveriates

cantatosang

cantarían
they would sing

hav(e)ríanwould have

cantatosang

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PASSATO IIPAST II

cantareva / cantarevo

hav(e)reva / hav(e)revo
haverava / haveravo

cantatosang

cantarevas

hav(e)revas

cantatosang

cantareva

hav(e)reva

cantatosang

cantarevamoswe will sing

hav(e)revamos
let's have a revival

cantatosang

cantarevates

hav(e)revateshave revates

cantatosang

cantarevan

hav(e)revanhaveravan

cantatosang

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE


-

cantasing

cantesing

cantemoslet's sing

cantate

cantensing


Lo participio de los tèmpos compòstos concòrda optionalemente en número et gènere. Ex:
The participle of compound tenses agrees optionally in number and gender. For example:

La cantione la hao cantata / La cantione la hao cantato.
The song you have sung / The song you have sung.

La concordantia de lo participio èst necessaria en la voce passiva. Ex: La cantione èst cantata per lo còro.
The agreement of the participle is necessary in the passive voice. Ex: The song is sung by the choir.


5. 1. 2. VÈRBOS AUXILIARES
5. 1. 2. AUXILIARY VERBS

Hi son doos vèrbos auxiliares en neolatino: havere et èssere/essere.
Hi, there are two auxiliary verbs in Neo-Latin: havere and esse.

En los tèmpos compòstos èst possíbile fàcere la distintione traditionale entre havere et èssere: havere con los vèrbos transitivos et con los inergativos (intransitivos non inaccusativos); èssere con los vèrbos inaccusativos87. Ex: ha comentsato vs. èst nato; se èst lavato. Èst possíbile altrosí usare sèmpre lo auxiliare havere. Ex: ha comentsato, ha nato, se ha lavato.
In the compound tenses it is possible to make the traditional distinction between havere and been : havere with transitive verbs and inergatives (non-inaccusative intransitives); be with unaccusative verbs 87 . Ex: has commented vs. east nato; it is washed. It is otherwise possible to always use the auxiliary havere . Ex: has eaten, has born, has washed.

Lo auxiliare èssere se usa necessariamente por formare la voce passiva. Ex: Elle èst amato per moltas personas. En la voce passiva hi son altrosí tèmpos compòstos: Elle èst essuto punito / Elle ha essuto punito.
The auxiliary to be is necessarily used to form the passive voice. Ex: She is loved by many people. In the passive voice, there are also compound tenses: She has been punished / She was punished.

Los vèrbos auxiliares, con lo pronome hi, haven funtione existentiale: hi èst sg. ·hi son pl. / hi ha inv.
The auxiliary verbs, with the pronoun hi, have an existential function: hi is singular. · hi are plural. / hi has no plural.


5. 2. VÈRBOS REGULARES
5. 2. REGULAR VERBS

  1. 2. 1. CONJUGATIONES
    2. 1. CONJUGATIONS

    En lo romance neolatino hi son 4 conjugationes:
    In Neo-Latin romance, there are 4 conjugations:


87 Cuesta distintione non èst sèmpre coincidènte en las lenguas que usan los doos auxiliares en los tèmpos compòstos.
87 The distinction is not always coincident in the languages that use the two auxiliaries in the compound tenses.

88 Ja en latino, qualques vèrbos potevan essere flexionatos secondo cuestas doas conjugationes. Ex. ŎLĒRE / ŎLĔRE.
88 Yes in Latin, some verbs could be inflected according to these two conjugations. Ex. ŎLĒRE / ŎLĔRE.

89 Non obstante, cuestas formas pòten exsístere en romance: *VENDEO > Rum. vânz vs. VENDO > Neo. vendo.
89 Notwithstanding, these forms can exist in Romance: *VENDEO > Rum. vânz vs. VENDO > Neo. vendo.

  1. 2. 2. MODÈLLOS DE LAS CONJUGATIONES
    2. 2. CONJUGATION MODELS

    En las tabèllas que presèntan la conjugatione verbale, se usan las sequèntes marcas de colores:
    In the tables that present the verbal conjugation, the following color codes are used:


Índice de alternantias verbales Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of verbal alternations Index of irregular verbs


CONJ. REG.CONJ. REG.

CONJ. REG.

CONJ. REG.

CONJ. REG.

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

cant-a-re

tem-e-re 90

v

énd-e-reend-er

part-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

cant-a-ndosinging

tem-è-ndo 91

vend-è-ndoselling

part-i-ndo 92

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

cant-a-nte

tem-è-nte

vend-è-ntesalesperson

part-i-ntepart-in-te

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

cant-a-to

tem-u-to

vend-u-tosold-to

part-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

cant-o

tem-oI fear him.

vend-osell it

part-o

cant-a-s

tem-e-s

vend-e-ssells

part-e-s

cant-a

tem-e

vend-esell-e

part-e

cant-a-moswe can

tem-e-moswe have

v

énd-e-mos93end-emos93

part-i-mos

cant-a-tes

tem-e-tes

v

énd-e-tesend-it-all

part-i-tes

cant-a-n

tem-e-n/-o-94

vend-e-n/-o-95

part-e-n/-o-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

cant-a-va/-vo 96

tem-e-va/-vo

vend-e-va/-vo
sell-e-go/-you

part-i-va/-vo

cant-a-va-s

tem-e-va-s

vend-e-va-ssell-you-are

part-i-va-s

cant-a-va

tem-e-va

vend-e-va

part-i-va

cant-a-va-moswe can't go

tem-e-va-mos
we are afraid

vend-e-va-moswe sell

part-i-va-moswe are going

cant-a-va-tes

tem-e-va-tes

vend-e-va-tes
sell-you-will-be

part-i-va-tes


90 Ved. lo significato de lo solineato en 2. 2.
90 Ved. the meaning of the highlighted in 2. 2.

91 Ved. lo significato de lo remarcato en 2. 2.
91 See the meaning of what is highlighted in 2.2.

92 Sopre la forma de lo gerundio et lo participio presènte en la conj. 4ª, ved. § 5.4.1.
92 On the form of the gerund and the present participle in the 4th conjugation, see § 5.4.1.

93 Sopre la accentuatione, ved. § 5.4.3.
93 On the accentuation, see § 5.4.3.

94 En la conjugatione 2ª, la terminatione heredetata de lo latino èst -en.
In the 2nd conjugation, the inherited termination from Latin is -en.

95 En la conjugatione 3ª, la terminatione heredetata de lo latino èst -on.
In the 3rd conjugation, the inherited ending from Latin is -on.

96 Sopre la variatione –va / -vo de lo imperfècto de indicativo, ved. § 5.4.3.
96 On the variation –va / -vo of the imperfect indicative, see § 5.4.3.


cant-a-va-n

tem-e-va-n

v

end-e-va-n

part-i-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

cant-a-ican't I

tem-e-iI have.

v

end-e-i

part-

-i/part-


cant-a-ste

tem-e-ste

v

end-e-ste

part-i-ste

cant-a-u

tem-e-u

v

end-e-u

part-i-u

cant-a-mmos

tem-e-mmos

v

end-e-mmos

part-i-mmos

cant-a-stes

tem-e-stes

v

end-e-stes

part-i-stes

cant-a-ron

tem-e-ron

v

end-e-ron

part-i-ronpart-iron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

cant-a-ra-o / -i 97

tem-e-ra-o / -itemerão / -i

v

end-e-ra-o / -i

part-i-ra-o / -i

cant-a-rà-s

tem-e-rà-s

v

end-e-rà-s

part-i-rà-s

cant-a-rà

tem-e-ràwill have

v

end-e-rà

part-i-rà

cant-a-re-moswe will sing

tem-e-re-moswe will have

v

end-e-re-mos

part-i-re-mos

cant-a-re-tes

tem-e-re-testeme-re-tes

v

end-e-re-tes

part-i-re-tes

cant-a-rà-n

tem-e-rà-n

v

end-e-rà-n

part-i-rà-n

í í


SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

cant-ecan't-e

tem-a

v

end-a

part-a

cant-e-scan't-e-s

tem-a-s

v

end-a-s

part-a-s

cant-ecan't-e

tem-a

v

end-a

part-a

cant-e-moswe can't

tem-a-moswe have

v

end-a-mos

part-a-mos

cant-e-tes

tem-a-tes

v

end-a-tes

part-a-tes

cant-e-n

tem-a-n

v

end-a-n

part-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

cant-a-sse/-sso 98

tem-e-sse/-sso

v

end-e-sse/-sso

part-i-sse/-sso

cant-a-sse-s

tem-e-sse-s

v

end-e-sse-s

part-i-sse-s

cant-a-sse

tem-e-sse

v

end-e-sse

part-i-sse

cant-à-sse-moscan't-ask-us

tem-é-sse-mos
we would have

v

end-é-sse-mos
end-ess-we-mos

part-

-sse-mos

cant-à-sse-tes

tem-é-sse-tes
tem-è-sse-tes

v

end-é-sse-tesend-ess-tes

part-

-sse-tes

cant-a-sse-n

tem-e-sse-n

v

end-e-sse-n

part-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

cant-a-ría/-río 99

tem-e-ría/-ríotempering

v

end-e-ría/-río
end-ery/-end-ry

part-i-ría/-río
part-i-ry/-ryo

cant-a-ría-scantaria's

tem-e-ría-stemeria-s

v

end-e-ría-s

part-i-ría-s

cant-a-ríacantaria

tem-e-ríatemeria

v

end-e-ría

part-i-ría

cant-a-ria-moswe will sing

tem-e-ria-mos
we would fear

v

end-e-ria-mos

part-i-ria-mos

cant-a-ria-tes

tem-e-ria-testemerities

v

end-e-ria-tes

part-i-ria-tes

cant-a-ría-ncantaria-n

tem-e-ría-n
would have been

v

end-e-ría-nend-eria-n

part-i-ría-npartirían

PRESÈNTE II 100
PRESENT II 100

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

í í


97 Sopre la variatione –ra-o / -ra-i de lo futuro de indicativo, ved. § 5.4.3.
97 On the variation –ra-o / -ra-i of the future indicative, see § 5.4.3.

98 Sopre la variatione –sse / -sso de lo imperfècto de subjunctivo, ved. § 5.4.3.
98 On the variation -sse / -sso of the imperfect subjunctive, see § 5.4.3.

99 Sopre la variatione –ría / -ría de lo presènte I de conditionale, ved. § 5.4.3.
99 On the variation -ría / -ría of the present I of the conditional, see § 5.4.3.

100 Sopre la variatione conditionale I / conditionale II, ved. § 5.4.3.
100 On the conditional variation I / conditional II, see § 5.4.3.

cant-a-reva/-o

tem-e-reva/-o

v

end-e-reva/-o

part-i-reva/-o

cant-a-reva-s

tem-e-reva-s

v

end-e-reva-s

part-i-reva-s

cant-a-reva

tem-e-reva

v

end-e-reva

part-i-reva

cant-a-reva-mos

tem-e-reva-mos
we are afraid

v

end-e-reva-mos

part-i-reva-mos

cant-a-reva-tes

tem-e-reva-tes

v

end-e-reva-tes

part-i-reva-tes

cant-a-reva-n

tem-e-reva-n

v

end-e-reva-n

part-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

cant-a

tem-e

v

end-e

part-i

cant-can't

e

tem-a


v

end-a


part-a


cant-can't

e-mos

tem-a

-mos

v

end-a

-mos

part-a

-mos

cant-a-te

tem-e-te

v

énd-e-teend-it

part-i-te

cant-can't

e-n

tem-a

-n

v

end-a

-n

part-a

-n


5. 4. MORFÈMAS VERBALES
5.4. VERBAL MORPHEMES

  1. 4. 1. VOCALE TEMÀTICA
    4.1. THEMATIC VOCAL

    Secondo la conjugatione de lo vèrbo, la vocale temàtica èst:
    According to the conjugation of the verb, the thematic vowel is:

    1ª conj.

    2ª conj.

    3ª conj.3rd conj.

    4ª conj.

    -a-

    -e-

    -e-

    -i-


    Ex. cant-a-re, tem-e-re, vénd-e-re, part-i-re.
    Ex. sing-to, hold-to, sell-to, depart-to.

    La vocale temàtica cambia en cuestos casos:
    The thematic vowel changes in these cases:

v.t. + im. + p/n

2ª sg.
2nd person singular.

3ª sg.
3rd person singular.

1ª pl.1st pl.

2ª pl.2nd pl.

3ª pl.
3rd person plural

1ª conj.

-a

-e

-e-mos

-a-te

-e-n

2ª conj.

-e

-a

-a-mos

-e-te

-a-n

3ª conj.3rd conj.

-e

-a

-a-mos

-e-te

-a-n

4ª conj.

-i

-a

-a-mos

-i-te

-a-n


  1. 4. 2. PERSONA, NÚMERO
    4. 2. PERSON, NUMBER

    Hi ha tres sèries de morfèmas verbales de persona et número, dependèndo de los tèmpos:
    There are three series of verbal morphemes of person and number, depending on the tenses:

1ª sg.1st sg.

2ª sg.
2nd person singular.

3ª sg.
3rd person singular.

1ª pl.1st pl.

2ª pl.2nd pl.

3ª pl.
3rd person plural


-

-

-mos

-te-the

-n


Ex. cant-a (2ª sg.), cant-e (3ª sg.), cant-e-mos, cant-a-te, cant-e-n.
Ex. cant-a (2nd sg.), cant-e (3rd sg.), cant-e-mos, cant-a-te, cant-en.

La vocale temàtica cambia en la 3ª sg. et en la 1ª et 3ª pl., como ja se ha visto addèsso.
The thematic vowel changes in the 3rd sg. and in the 1st and 3rd floor, as already seen here.


  1. 4. 3. TÈMPO, ASPÈCTO, MÒDO
    ‌4. 3. TIME, LOOK, MODE

Presènta cambio de vocale temàtica en qualques personas, et morfèmas de número et persona particulares, como ja se ha visto.
There is a change of thematic vowel in some persons, and specific number and person morphemes, as has already been seen.

Lo accènto cade sopre lo radicale en la persona 2ª pl. de la conj. 3ª. Ex. vénd-e-te (vs. tem-e-te).
The accent falls on the radical in the 2nd person plural of the 3rd conjugation. Ex. sell yourself (vs. fear yourself).


  1. 5. ALTERANANTIAS
    5. ALTERANANTIAS

    Como la flexione verbale de totas las varietates romànicas, la de lo neolatino presènta alternantias como las sequèntes: jocamos vs. jochemos (alternantia gràfica); jocare vs. jòca (sonòra et gràfica).
    Like the verbal inflection of all the Romance varieties, the Neo-Latin one presents alternations such as the following: jocamos vs. let's play (graphic alternation); play vs. game (sound and graphics).

    Qualques alternantias son irregulares et qualques son regulares:
    Some alternations are irregular and some are regular:

Uno mesmo vèrbo pòte presentare múltiples irregularitates, como se ha visto en los exèmplos de jocare.
One single verb can present multiple irregularities, as seen in the examples of jocare.


5. 5. 1. ALTERNANTIAS ACCENTUALES
5. 5. 1. ACCENTUAL ALTERNATIONS

La conjugatione neolatina presènta qualques alterationes accentuales. Qualques son evitàbiles (cambiando lo vèrbo de conjugatione) et qualques son optionales.
The Neo-Latin conjugation presents some accentual alterations. Some are avoidable (by changing the verb conjugation) and some are optional.

En plus, en cuesta conjugatione lo accènto gràfico de lo infinitivo non èst necessario
In addition, in this conjugation, the graphic accent of the infinitive is not necessary.

en la flexione de lo vèrbo, exceptuando en lo presènte de indicativo (1ª et 2ª pl.) et imperativo (2ª pl.), ja mentionatos.
in the inflection of the verb, except in the present indicative (1st and 2nd plural) and imperative (2nd plural), already mentioned.


Las alterationes per fixamènto accentuale, pròprias de la conjugatione traditionale, son evitàbiles conjugando lo vèrbo secondo la conj. 2ª. Ex. debàttere (3ª) →
The alterations due to fixed accentuation, typical of traditional conjugation, can be avoided by conjugating the verb according to the 2nd conjugation. Ex. debàttere (3rd) →

debattere (2ª).
debate (2nd).

Nota: Los vèrbos finitos con –ti- presèntan, en la variante sene avantsamènto accentuale, la alteratione t→ts (vede Alterationes consonànticas gràficas, plus en basso). Ex. initiare: initsía / initia Altrosí: engratiare, pronuntiare.
Note: Finite verbs with –ti- present, in the variant without accentual advancement, show the alteration t→ts (see Graphical consonantal alterations, more below). Ex. initiare: initsía / initia Likewise: engratiare, pronuntiare.


5. 5. 2. ALTERATIONES VOCÀLICAS
5. 5. 2. VOWEL ALTERATIONS

La conjugatione neolatina presènta qualques alterationes vocàlicas. Qualques son evitàbiles (introducèndo una irregularitate accentuale aut cambiando lo vèrbo de conjugatione), qualques son inevitàbiles et qualques son optionales.
The Neo-Latin conjugation presents some vocalic alterations. Some are avoidable (introducing an accentual irregularity or changing the verb's conjugation), some are unavoidable, and some are optional.


104 Son rizotònicas qualques personas (1ª, 2ª, 3ª sg. et 3ª pl.) de los presèntes de indicativo et de subjunctivo, et qualques personas de lo imperativo (2ª, 3ª sg. et 3ª pl.). En plus, en la conj. 3ª son altrosí rizotònicas las altras personas de lo presènte de indicativo (1ª et 2ª pl.) et la 2ª pl. de lo imperativo, en plus de lo infinitivo.
104 Some persons (1a, 2a, 3a sg. and 3a pl.) of the presents of indicative and subjunctive, and some persons of the imperative (2a, 3a sg. and 3a pl.) are rhizotonic. In addition, in the conj. 3a are otherwise rhizotonic the other persons of the present indicative (1a and 2a pl.) and the 2a pl. of the imperative, in addition to the infinitive.

Por sapere los tèmpos et personas affectatas per cuestas alterationes, consultate los modèllos de flexione attravèrso de los hiperligàmenes.
To know the times and persons affected by these alterations, consult the inflection models through the hyperlinks.



Cueste accènto gràfico èst evitàbile avantsando lo accento sonòro. Vede altrosí Avantsamènto accentuale (optionale), plus en alto. Non obstante, cuesto non èst possíbile en vèrbos sene síllaba anteriore, como fluire: flúo.
This graphic accent can be avoided by advancing the sound accent. See also Accent advancement (optional) , more above. However, this is not possible in verbs without a preceding syllable, such as fluire : flúo .




Cuestas clausuras vocàlicas son evitàbiles conjugando lo vèrbo secondo lo modèllo 2ª. Ex. repètere (3ª) → repetere, repeteva (2ª). Non obstante, en cuesto caso, sí besonnîa la apertura vocàlica en qualques formas: repèto (vede ad continuatione).
Vocalic closures are avoidable by conjugating the verb according to model 2. Ex. repètere (3ª) → repetere, repeteva (2ª). However, in this case, it was necessary to open the vowel in some forms: repèto (see below).


formas, lo accènto gràfico apèrto èst necessario.
forms, the open graphic accent is necessary.


presentava generalemente una Ŏ tònica en las formas rizotònicas.
generally presented a Ŏ tonic in the rhizotonic forms.

Vede altrosí Clausura vocàlica, plus en alto.
See also Vocal Closure, higher up.


  1. 5. 3. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (1)
    5.3. CONSONANT ALTERATIONS (1)

    La conjugatione neolatina presènta qualques alterationes consonànticas. Una èst evitàbile (introducèndo una irregularitate accentuale), qualques son inevitàbiles (mais regulares) et qualques son optionales. Son optionales las irregularitates pròprias de lo paradigma traditionale, ja que en romance exsiste altrosí uno paradigma regularizzato.
    The Neo-Latin conjugation presents some consonantal alterations. One is avoidable (introducing an accentual irregularity), some are unavoidable (but regular), and some are optional. The irregularities specific to the traditional paradigm are optional, since in Romance there also exists a regularized paradigm.

    Por sapere los tèmpos et personas affectatas per cuestas irregularitates, consultate los modèllos de flexione attravèrso de los hiperligàmenes.
    To know the times and persons affected by these irregularities, consult the inflection models through the hyperlinks.


Lo cambio gràfico èst evitàbile si lo vèrbo permette avantsare lo accènto:
The graphic change is avoidable if the verb allows advancing the accent.

initia (ved. Avantsamènto accentuale, plus en alto).
initia (see. Accentual advancement, plus higher up).

Sòno [k]. La soa grafía varía ante a, o, u vs. e, i.
Sòno [k]. Its spelling varies before a, o, u vs. e, i.

Sòno [g]. La soa grafía varía ante a, o, u vs. e, i.
Sòno [g]. Its spelling varies before a, o, u vs. e, i.

Sòno [ʧ]. La soa grafía varía ante a, o, u vs. e, i.
Sòno [ʧ]. Its spelling varies before a, o, u vs. e, i.

Nota: En plus de la forma regulare, exsiste una forma irregulare en lo paradigma traditionale de cuestos vèrbos, con geminatione pòs de vocale en la conj. 2ª: placcîa (< Lat. PLACĔAM)106; et con non palatalizzatione en la 3ª
Note : In addition to the regular form, there is an irregular form in the traditional paradigm of these verbs, with gemination after vowel in the conj. 2a: placcîa (< Lat. PLACĔAM ) 106 ; and with non-palatalization in the 3rd


106 Altrosí qualques vèrbos de la conjugatione 2ªII que presentavan una -Ĭ- en latino (como FACĬO, de FACĔRE).
106 Likewise, some verbs of the 2nd conjugation II that had a -Ĭ- in Latin (such as FACĬO, from FACĔRE).

venca (< Lat. VINCAM). Ved. Geminatione sene iòd et Non palatalizzatione plus en basso.
venca (< Lat. VINCAM). Ved. Gemination of the old iòd and non-palatalization more below.

marcîa (1ª sg. pres. subj.). Altrosí: scire.
marcia (1st sg. pres. subj.). Likewise: to know.

Nota: Pòs de vocale (per exèmplo, glocire), en plus de la forma regulare, exsiste una forma irregulare en lo paradigma traditionale de cuestos vèrbos, con geminatione (gloccîa). Ved. Geminatione sene iòd, plus en basso.
Note: After a vowel (for example, glocire), in addition to the regular form, there exists an irregular form in the traditional paradigm of these verbs, with gemination (gloccîa). See Gemination without iod, further below.

Sòno [ʤ]. La soa grafía varía ante a, o, u vs. e, i.
Sòno [ʤ]. Its spelling varies before a, o, u vs. e, i.

Nota: Lo paradigma traditionale presènta una irregularitate sonòra: non palatalizzatione en la conjugatione 3ª: convèrga (Ita. converga < Lat. tardo CONVĔRGAM). Ved. Non palatalizzatione plus en basso.
Note : The traditional paradigm presents a sonorous irregularity: non palatalizzatione in the 3rd conjugation: converge ( Ita. converga < Lat. tardo CONVĔRGAM ). Ved. No lower palatalization .

Nota: Lo paradigma traditionale presènta una irregularitate sonòra: geminatione pòs vocale en la conj. 4ª: ruggîa (< Lat. RUGĬAM). Ved. Geminatione sene iòd plus en basso.
Note: The traditional paradigm presents a sound irregularity: geminatione pós vocale en la conj. 4a: ruggîa (< Lat. RUGĬAM). Ved. Gemination without iodine more down.

hay

cen

cenga (Ita. cinga)
beg (Ital. think)

Presènte de sub.
Present of sub.

o (Por. cinjo)
o (By. cinjo)

hay

cen

Presènte de ind.
Present from ind.

gere

InfinitivoInfinitive

a (Por., Cat. vença)
a (Por., Cat. win)

place

vencome

Presènte de sub.
Present of sub.

veno (Por., Cat. venço)

Presènte de ind.
Present from ind.

véncereovercome

InfinitivoInfinitive

Conj. 3ª Conj. 3ª

NEOLATINO

Paradigma regularizzato
Regularized paradigm

[ʧ], [ʤ]

NEOLATINO

Paradigma traditionale
The traditional paradigm

[ʧ / k], [ʤ / g]

LATINO


[k], [g]



107 Lat. marcēre.
107 Lat. to wither.

108 Lat. vul. fugire, mais Lat. fugĕre.
108 Lat. vul. fugire, but Lat. fugĕre.

5. 5. 4. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (2): PER IÒD
5. 5. 4. CONSONANT ALTERATIONS (2): PER IÒD

Qualques alterationes consonànticas se deven ad una iòd proveniènte de una Ĭ aut Ĕ prevocàlicas latinas. Succède en vèrbos heredetatos (et qualques prestatos, derivatos de elles) de las conjugationes neolatinas 2ª, 3ª (exceptionalemente) et 4ª, correspondèntes ad las latinas 2ª (como PLACĒRE: PLĂCĔO), 3ª en –IO (clamata altrosí 3ª “mixta” aut 5ª; como CAPĔRE: CĂPĬO) et 4ª (como GLOCĪRE: GLŌCĬO).
Some consonantal alterations are due to an iodine coming from a Latin prevocalic Ĭ high Ĕ . It occurs in inherited verbs (and some borrowings, derivatives of them) of the Neo-Latin conjugations 2a, 3a (exceptionalemente) and 4a, corresponding to the Latin 2a (such as PLACĒRE : PLĂCĔO ), 3a – IO (otherwise called 3a" 5a; as CAPĔRE : CĂPĬO ) and 4a (as GLOCARE : GLŌCĬO ).

Affècta, en romance, lo presènte de indicativo et lo presènte de subjunctivo (et las personas de lo imperativo derivatas de cueste). Ecco la situatione en latino:
It affects, in Romance, the present indicative and the present subjunctive (and the persons of the imperative derived from this). Here is the situation in Latin:

CONJUGATIONE LATINA
LATIN CONJUGATION

2nd

3ª mixta3rd mixed

4th

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

PLACĒRE

CAPĔRECAPTURE

GLOCĪREGLOSSARY

PRESÈNTE DE INDICATIVO
PRESENT OF INDICATION

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

PLĂCĔOPLEASE

CĂPĬOWHAT?

GLŌCĬO

2nd

PLĂCESPLEASURE

CĂPIS

GLŌCIS

3rd

PLĂCETPLEASURE

CĂPITCAPIT

GLŌCIT

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

PLĂCĒMUSFLAGS

CĂPĪMUSCOOKIES

GLŌCĪMUS

2nd

PLĂCĒTISPLATE

CĂPĪTISCHOPPET

GLŌCĪTIS

3rd

PLĂCENTPLEASANT

CĂPIUNTCAPTAIN

GLŌCĬUNT

PRESÈNTE DE SUBJUNCTIVO
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

PLĂCĔAMPLACĔAM

CĂPĬAMI GOT IT

GLŌCĬAM

2nd

PLĂCĔASPLEASE

CĂPĬAS

GLŌCĬAS

3rd

PLĂCĔATPLEASED

CĂPĬATOBTAINED

GLŌCĬAT

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

PLĂCEĀMUSPLEASED

CĂPIĀMUSĂPIĀMUS

GLŌCIĀMUS

2nd

PLĂCEĀTISPLEASED

CĂPIĀTISCOPIED

GLŌCIĀTIS

3rd

PLĂCĔANTPLEASANT

CĂPĬANTCATCHER

GLŌCĬANT


Como se vede, solamente qualque(s) persona(s) de lo presènte de indicativo presentava(n) Ĕ aut Ĭ prevocàlicas en latino, et cuesto variava legèramente dependèndo de la conjugatione (en la 3ª ps. pl. de lo presènte de indicativo).109
As can be seen, only a few person(s) of the present indicative presented Ĕ aut Ĭ prevocalics in Latin, and this varied slightly depending on the conjugation (in the 3rd ps. pl. of the present indicative ). 109

En romance, la iòd proveniènte de Ĭ aut Ĕ prevocàlicas latinas se consèrva en qualques vèrbos (per exèmplo, PĀRĔO Neo. pario), mais generalemente despare. En qualonque caso, generalemente modifica la consonante precedènte geminando-la (ex: HĂBĔAM habbia), palatalizzando-la (ex: ARDĔO ardzo) aut las coas causas (ex: DŎLĔO dòllîo), como se vederà. Cuesto origina alternantias como èo pario vs. tu pares, ardzo vs. ardes, dòllîo vs. dòles.
In Romance, the iodine from Ĭ aut Ĕ Latin prevocalics is preserved in some verbs (for example, PĀRĔONeo. pario ), but generally disappears. In any case, it usually modifies the preceding consonant by geminating it (ex: HĂBĔAMhabbia ), palatalizing it (ex: ARDĔOardzo ) or the causes (ex: DŎLĔO dollîo ), as will be seen. This gives rise to alternations such as eo pario vs. you guess , ardzo vs. ardes , dollîo vs. doles .

Lo romance tènde ad eliminare cuessas alternantias (generalemente extendèndo las formas regulares, con la consonante sene modificare: ardzo, dòllîo ardo, dòlo, como ardes, dòles), aut ad eliminare la diferèntia entre conjugationes (en cueste caso, generalizzando la irregularitate en la 3ª ps. pl.: placen placcîon, como gloccîon). Per cuesto, en neolatino
Romance tends to eliminate alternating things (generally extending the regular forms, with the consonant without modifying: ardzo , dollîoardo , dolo , like ardes , doles ), or to eliminate the difference between conjugations (in this case, generalizing the irregularity in the 3rd ps.: placenplace , like gloccîon ). Therefore, in Neo-Latin


109 Lo latino presentava Ĕ aut Ĭ prevocàlicas altrosí en altros tèmpos de cuestas conjugationes. Mais de los tèmpos que continuaràn en romance, lo latino presentava Ĭ prevocàlica solamente en lo imperfècto de indicativo de la conjugatione 3ª mixta (ex: CĂPIĒBAM) et 4ª (ex: GLŌCIĒBAM); et cui non se formau una iòd, per que lo gruppo –IĒBA- se reduceu ad –eva aut –iva.
The Latin present had Ĕ or Ĭ as pre-vocalic in other times of these conjugations. But in the times that will continue in Romance, the Latin present had Ĭ as pre-vocalic only in the imperfect indicative of the 3rd mixed conjugation (e.g., CĂPIĒBAM) and 4th (e.g., GLŌCIĒBAM); and where an iod was not formed, because the group –IĒBA was reduced to –eva or –iva.

son possíbiles doos paradigmas, lo regularizzato et lo traditionale (cueste, con placen aut
There are two possible paradigms, the regulated and the traditional (these, with pleasure or

placcîon).

En qualques vèrbos, lo paradigma regularizzato èst actualemente lo único exsistènte en romance. Èst lo caso de temere et partire, que han servito plus en alto (5.2.2) por presentare las conjugationes 2ª et 4ª “regulares” (pròpriamente, regularizzatas): han temo et parto, non temmio et partso (formas que fòrse exsisteron en lo passato).
In some verbs, the regularized paradigm is currently the only one existing in Romance. This is the case of temere et partire , which have served higher (5.2.2) to present the 2nd and 4th "regulares" (properly, regularized) conjugations: they have temo et parto , non temmio et partso (forms that probably existed in the past).

Nota: Lo paradigma regularizzato se èst generalizzato en romance en qualques vèrbos, como sentire: Neo. *sèntsa (correspondènte ad Lat. SENTĬAM) → Neo. sènta (Cas. sienta, Ita. sènta, Rum. simt). Altrosí: partire (*partsa parta); vestire (*vèstsa vèsta); pendere (*pèndza pènda); finire (*finnîa fina); olere (*òllîa òla); complere (*còmpllîa ? → còmpla); emplere (*empllîa ? → empla).
Note : The regularized paradigm has been generalized in Romance in some verbs, such as sentire : Neo. * sense (corresponding to Lat. SENTĬAM ) → Neo. sit ( Cas. sienta , Italy. sit , Rum. simt ). Alternatively: start (* partsapart ); dress (* dressdress ); beautiful (* beautifulbeautiful ); finish (* finishfinish ); olere (* òllîaòla ); complete (* complete ? → complete ); employ (* employ ? → employ ).


5. 5. 5. VÈRBOS CON INFIXO –ESC- / –ISC-
VERBS WITH INFIX –ESC- / –ISC-

Lo infixo –ĒSC- introduceva en los vèrbos latinos uno sènso incoativo: FLORERE vs. FLORESCERE
The infix –ĒSC- introduced an inchoative sense in Latin verbs: FLORERE vs. FLORESCERE

‘initiare la floratione’. Permetteva altrosí creare vèrbos con lo sènso de procèsso aut cambio
"to initiate the flowering". It also allowed the creation of verbs with the sense of process or change.


111 Lat. vul. fugire, de Lat. clàs. fugĕre.
111 Lat. vul. fugire, from Lat. clàs. fugĕre.

112 Lo latino presentava una Ĭ altrosí en lo imperfècto de indicativo de la conj. 3 (AUDĬĒBAM). Non obstante, en cueste tèmpo la sequèntia ĭē fou substituita en romance primitivo per e aut i, secondo las zònas (Lausberg 1966: § 934). Lo neolatino presènta i, per essere la forma regulare.
112 Latin presented a Ĭ altrosí in the imperfect of indicative of the conj. 3 ( AUDĬĒBAM ). However, at this time the sequence ĭē was replaced in Early Romance by e aut i , according to the zones (Lausberg 1966: § 934). Neo-Latin presents i , to be the regular form.

de stato, como CRĒSCĔRE créscere’ (derivato de CRĔĀRE) aut NĬGRESCĔRE ‘devenire negro’ (derivato de lo adjectivo NĬGER). En romance, lo infixo pervive de manarias divèrsas:
of state, like CRĒSCĔRE 'to grow' (derived from CRĔĀRE) or NĬGRESCĔRE 'to become black' (derived from the adjective NĬGER). In Romance languages, the infix survives in various ways:

En plus, entro una mesma lengua pòte havere-hi variatione, en lo tèmpo (per exèmplo, en sequire: Ita. ant. seguisco vs Ita. seguo) aut actualemente (en morire: Occ. morissi/mòri).
In addition, within the same language there can be variation, over time (for example, in sequence: Old Italian seguisco vs Modern Italian seguo) or currently (in dying: Occitan morissi/mòri).

Per toto cuesso, èst mellîore evitare lo fenòmeno en neolatino (quanto menos en la communicatione panlatina). Mais convène conoscere-lo.
Overall, it is better to avoid the phenomenon in Neo-Latin (especially in Pan-Latin communication). However, it is important to know it.


5. 5. 6. ALTRAS ALTERNANTIAS
5. 5. 6. OTHER ALTERNATIVES

  1. 5. 6. 1. Vèrbos fòrtes
    5. 6. 1. Strong verbs


    113 Lo occitano presènta lo infixo plus frequèntemente (per exèmplo, altrosí en fugire: Occ. fugissi), mais non en totos los vèrbos de la conj. 4ª. De venire, tenire: Occ: veni.
    The Occitan language presents the infix more frequently (for example, also in fugire: Occ. fugissi), but not in all the verbs of the 4th conjugation. From venire, tenire: Occ: veni.


  1. 5. 6. 2. Dople conjugatione
    5. 6. 2. Double conjugation


5. 5. 7. MODÈLLOS CON ALTERNANTIAS
5. 5. 7. MODELS WITH ALTERNATIVES

En lo sequènte índice, los tipos de alternantias se remarcan con divèrsos colores: alternantias inevitàbiles, evitàbiles aut optativas (ved. § 5.5.).
In the following index, the types of alternations are highlighted with various colors: inevitable alternations, avoidable or optional (see § 5.5.).


MODÈLLOMODEL

ALTERNANTIA QUE EXEMPLIFICA
ALTERNATION THAT EXEMPLIFIES

debàtteredebate

Fixamènto accentuale à→a
Accentual fixing to → a

crédereto believe

Fixamènto accentuale é→e
Accentual fixing is→e

exsístereto exist

Fixamènto accentuale í→i
Accentual fixing í→i

rómperebreak it

Fixamènto accentuale ó→o
Accentual fixing ó→o

conclúdereconclude

Fixamènto accentuale ú→u
Accentual fixing ú→u

ordenareto order

Avantsamènto accentuale ´_(→´  )
Accentual advancement ´_(→´ )



cambiarechange

Alteratione vocàlica gràfica por marcare hiato i→í
Graphical vowel alteration to mark hiatus i→í

continuarecontinue

Alteratione vocàlica gràfica por marcare hiato u→ú
Graphical vowel alteration to mark hiatus u→ú

repètererepeat

Clausura vocàlica è→e
Vocalic closure è→e


114 La forma neolatina de los passatos remotos fòrtes non ha essuto ancora definita per lo projècto Vía Neolatina.
The Neo-Latin form of the strong remote past has not yet been defined for the Neo-Latin Way project.

Provisionalmente, se recommanda usare la forma regulare sèmpre.
Provisionally, it is recommended to always use the regular form.

plòvereto rain

Clausura vocàlica ò→o
Vocalic closure ò→o

sentireto feel

Apertura vocàlica e→è
Vocal opening e→è

morireto die

Apertura vocàlica o→ò
Vowel opening o→ò

terminareterminate

Apertura vocàlica con avantsamènto accentuale (e→è)
Vocal opening with accentual anticipation (e→è)

nominareto name

Apertura vocàlica con avantsamènto accentuale (o→ò)
Vocal opening with accentual anticipation (o→ò)

andareto go

Síncopa vocàlica CVC(→CC)
Vocalic syncope CVC(→CC)

béverebeverage

Síncopa vocàlica CVC(→CC) [Exèmplo 2]
Vocalic syncope CVC(→CC) [Example 2]



initiareinitiate

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica t→ts
Graphical consonant alteration t→ts

cercaresearch

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ca→che
Graphical consonant alteration ca→che

legareto bind

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ga→ghe
Graphical consonant alteration ga→ghe

lancîarelancet

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica cîa→ce
Graphical consonant alteration cîa→ce

conóscereto know

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ce→cîa
Graphical consonantal alteration ce→cîa

marcirewither

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ci→cîa
Graphical consonantal alteration ci→cîa

véncereovercome

Non palatalizzatione ce→cîa(/ca)
Non palatalization ce→cîa(/ca)

placereplace

Geminatione sene iòd ce→cîa(/ccîa)
Gemination of the old man iòd ce→cîa(/ccîa)

glocire

Geminatione sene iòd ci→cîa(/ccîa)
Gemination of the old iòd ci→cîa(/ccîa)

arrangîarearrangement

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica gîa→ge
Graphical consonant alteration gîa→ge

convèrgereconverge

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ge→gîa
Graphical consonantal alteration ge→gîa

rugireroar

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica gi→gîa
Graphical consonantal alteration gi→gîa

lègereread

Non palatalizzatione ge→gîa(/ga)
Non palatalization ge→gîa(/ga)

mugire

Geminatione sene iòd gi→gîa(/ggîa)
Gemination of the old iòd gi→gîa(/ggîa)

càperecabbage

Iòd et geminatione p→p(/ppi/ccî)
Iod and gemination p→p(/ppi/ccî)

devere

Iòd et geminatione v→v(/bbi/jj)
Iod and gemination v→v(/bbi/jj)

parereopinion

Iòd r(→ri)Iod r(→ri)

audireto hear

Palatalizzatione consonàntica sene iòd d(→dz)
Consonant palatalization without the yod d(→dz)

arderecombustion

Palatalizzatione consonàntica sene iòd d(→dz) [Exèmplo 2]
Consonant palatalization without the iod d(→dz) [Example 2]

vedereto see

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd d(→jj/ddz)
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd d(→jj/ddz)

exireto go out

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd x(→ssî)
Palatalization and gemination of consonants without the yod x(→ssî)

valereto be worth

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd l(→llî)
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd l(→llî)

dolereto hurt

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd l(→llî) [Ex. 2]
Palatalization and gemination of consonants without the sound [Ex. 2]

solere
to be accustomed

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd l(→llî) [Ex. 3]
Palatalization and gemination of consonants without the sound [Ex. 3]

volereto want

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd l(→llî) [Ex. 4]
Palatalization and gemination of consonants without the sound [Ex. 4]

remanereto remain

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd n(→nnî)
Palatalization and gemination of consonants without the iod (→nnî)

tenereto hold

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd n(→nnî) [Ex. 2]
Palatalization and gemination of consonants without the iod n(→nnî) [Ex. 2]

venireto come

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd n(→nnî) [Ex. 3]
Palatalization and gemination of consonants without the iod n(→nnî) [Ex. 3]


En las sequèntes tabèllas, las irregularitates se remarcan con divèrsos colores. Ved. § 2.2.
In the following tables, the irregularities are highlighted with various colors. See § 2.2.


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


í i i i
The source text does not contain any translatable content.


i i i í í i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i


115 Ved. lo significato de lo solineato en § 2. 2.
115 See the meaning of the statement in § 2. 2.

116 Ved. lo significato de lo remarcato en § 2. 2.
116 Ved. the meaning of what is highlighted in § 2. 2.


à→aa→a



é→ee



í→ii



ó→oo



ú→uu


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

debàtt-e-re 115

créd-e-rebelieve

exs

st-e-re

rómp-e-rebreak-it-off

conclúd-e-reconclude

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

debatt-è-ndo 116debating 116

cred-è-ndobelieving

exs

st-è-ndo

romp-è-ndobreaking

conclud-è-ndoconcluding

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

debatt-è-ntedebater

cred-è-ntebeliever

exs

st-è-nte

romp-è-ntebreaking

conclud-è-nteconcluding

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

debatt-u-todebate-u-to

cred-u-tocredit to

exs

st-u-to

romp-u-to / ropto

conclud-u-to/concluso
conclude-you-to/concluded

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

debatt-odebate-o

cred-oI believe

exs

st-o

romp-o

conclud-oconclude it

debatt-e-sdebates

cred-e-s

exs

st-e-s

romp-e-s

conclud-e-sconclude-s

debatt-edebate

cred-e

exs

st-e

romp-e

conclud-econclude

debàtt-e-mosdebate-mos

créd-e-moswe believe

exs

st-e-mos

rómp-e-mosbreak us

conclúd-e-mos
let's conclude

debàtt-e-tes
debate-you-are

créd-e-tes
believe yourself

exs

st-e-tes

rómp-e-tes
break-it-down

conclúd-e-tes
conclude you (plural/formal)

debatt-e-n/-o-the debate

cred-e-n/-o-

exs

st-e-n/-o-

romp-e-n/-o-
break it down

conclud-e-n/-o-
conclude-1st/-o-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

debatt-e-va/-vo
debate-3SG-PRS/3SG-PRS

cred-e-va/-vo
believe (he/she/it believes)

exs

st-e-va/-vo

romp-e-va/-vo

conclud-e-va/-vo
conclude-you (singular)

debatt-e-va-sdebate-its

cred-e-va-s

exs

st-e-va-s

romp-e-va-s

conclud-e-va-s
conclude-ev-ase

debatt-e-vadebate-VA

cred-e-vabelieved

exs

st-e-va

romp-e-va

conclud-e-va

debatt-e-va-mos
debate-it-will-be

cred-e-va-moswe believed

exs

st-e-va-mos

romp-e-va-moswe will romp

conclud-e-va-mos
we will conclude

debatt-e-va-tes
debate-evates

cred-e-va-tes

exs

st-e-va-tes

romp-e-va-tes

conclud-e-va-tes
conclude your votes

debatt-e-va-ndebate-evan

cred-e-va-nbelieved

exs

st-e-va-nsteven

romp-e-va-n

conclud-e-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

debatt-e-idebate-ii

cred-e-i

exs

st-e-i

romp-e-i

conclud-e-iconclude-i

debatt-e-stedebate-este

cred-e-ste

exs

st-e-ste

romp-e-ste

conclud-e-steconclude-est

debatt-e-udebate-u

cred-e-u

exs

st-e-u

romp-e-u

conclud-e-u

debatt-e-mmosdebate-mmos

cred-e-mmos

exs

st-e-mmos

romp-e-mmos

conclud-e-mmos

debatt-e-stes
debate-issues

cred-e-stes

exs

st-e-stes

romp-e-stes

conclud-e-stes

debatt-e-rondebate-ron

cred-e-ron

exs

st-e-ron

romp-e-ron

conclud-e-ron
they will conclude

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

debatt-e-ra-o / -i
debate-ER-1 / -i

cred-e-ra-o / -i
believe / -ed

exs

st-e-ra-o / -i

romp-e-ra-o / -i

conclud-e-ra-o / -iconcluder

debatt-e-rà-sdebate-rà-s

cred-e-rà-s

exs

st-e-rà-s

romp-e-rà-s

conclud-e-rà-s
will conclude

debatt-e-ràdebate-rà

cred-e-ràwill believe

exs

st-e-ràwill be

romp-e-ràbreak-it-up

conclud-e-rà
will conclude

debatt-e-re-mosdebate-remos

cred-e-re-moswe believe

exs

st-e-re-mos

romp-e-re-mos
we will break

conclud-e-re-mos
we will conclude

debatt-e-re-tesdebate

cred-e-re-tesbelieve

exs

st-e-re-tes

romp-e-re-tesbreaks

conclud-e-re-tesconclude

debatt-e-rà-ndebate-ran

cred-e-rà-nwill believe

exs

st-e-rà-nwill be

romp-e-rà-n

conclud-e-rà-n
will conclude

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

debatt-adebate

cred-a

exs

st-a

romp-a

conclud-a

debatt-a-s
debate-oneself

cred-a-sI think so

exs

st-a-s

romp-a-s

conclud-a-s

debatt-adebate

cred-a

exs

st-a

romp-a

conclud-a

debatt-a-mosdebate-a-mos

cred-a-moswe believe

exs

st-a-mos

romp-a-mos

conclud-a-mos
let us conclude

debatt-a-tesdebated

cred-a-tescredentials

exs

st-a-tes

romp-a-tes

conclud-a-tesconclude-you

debatt-a-ndebate-a-n

cred-a-n

exs

st-a-n

romp-a-n

conclud-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

debatt-e-sse/-sso
debate-e-sse/-sso

cred-e-sse/-ssobelieve

exs

st-e-sse/-sso

romp-e-sse/-sso
break-e-sse/-sso

conclud-e-sse/-sso
conclude-ess/-sso

debatt-e-sse-sdebates

cred-e-sse-s

exs

st-e-sse-s

romp-e-sse-s
break-oneself

conclud-e-sse-s
conclude-ess-es

debatt-e-ssedebate

cred-e-sse

exs

st-e-sse

romp-e-ssebreak up

conclud-e-sseconclude

debatt-é-sse-mos
debate-ess-mos

cred-é-sse-moswe believe

exs

st-é-sse-mos

romp-é-sse-mosbreak us

conclud-é-sse-mos
conclude-ss-we

debatt-é-sse-tesdebated

cred-é-sse-tes
believe yourself

exs

st-é-sse-tes

romp-é-sse-tesbreak up

conclud-é-sse-tesconcluded

debatt-e-sse-ndebates

cred-e-sse-n

exs

st-e-sse-n

romp-e-sse-n

conclud-e-sse-nconclude

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

debatt-e-ría/-río
debate-would/-will

cred-e-ría/-río
creedery/creed

exs

st-e-ría/-río

romp-e-ría/-río

conclud-e-ría/-río
would conclude

debatt-e-ría-sdebate-ría-s

cred-e-ría-screameries

exs

st-e-ría-s

romp-e-ría-s

conclud-e-ría-s
would conclude

debatt-e-ríadebate

cred-e-ríacreedery

exs

st-e-ría

romp-e-ría

conclud-e-ría
would conclude

debatt-e-ria-mos
debate-ria-mos

cred-e-ria-mos

exs

st-e-ria-mos

romp-e-ria-mos

conclud-e-ria-mos
we would conclude

debatt-e-ria-tes
debate-related

cred-e-ria-tescredentials

exs

st-e-ria-tes

romp-e-ria-tes

conclud-e-ria-tes
concluderates

debatt-e-ría-n
debate would be

cred-e-ría-ncreederyan

exs

st-e-ría-n

romp-e-ría-n

conclud-e-ría-n
would conclude

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

debatt-e-reva/-o
debate-reveal/-o

cred-e-reva/-o
believe/rely on

exs

st-e-reva/-o

romp-e-reva/-o

conclud-e-reva/-o
conclude-reveal/o

debatt-e-reva-s
debate-reveal-s

cred-e-reva-s

exs

st-e-reva-s

romp-e-reva-s

conclud-e-reva-s
conclude-reveal-s

debatt-e-revadebate-reva

cred-e-reva

exs

st-e-reva

romp-e-reva

conclud-e-reva
conclude-reveal

debatt-e-reva-mos
debate-revamp-moss

cred-e-reva-moswe believe

exs

st-e-reva-mos

romp-e-reva-mos

conclud-e-reva-mos
conclude-reveal-us

debatt-e-reva-tes
debate-revoked

cred-e-reva-tes

exs

st-e-reva-tes

romp-e-reva-tes

conclud-e-reva-tes
conclude-reveal-tes

debatt-e-reva-n
debate-revenant

cred-e-reva-n

exs

st-e-reva-n

romp-e-reva-n

conclud-e-reva-n
conclude-reveal-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

-

debatt-edebate

cred-e

exs

st-e

romp-e

conclud-econclude

debatt-adebate

cred-a

exs

st-a

romp-a

conclud-a

debatt-a-mosdebate-a-mos

cred-a-moswe believe

exs

st-a-mos

romp-a-mos

conclud-a-mos
let us conclude

debà

tt-e-te

cr

éd-e-teed-e-te

exs

st-e-te

r

ómp-e-te

conclúconclude

d-e-te

deba

tt-a-n

cr

ed-a-n

exs

st-a-n

r

omp-a-n

concluconclude

d-a-n

i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i í i


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


´_(→´ )

i→í

´_(→´ )

u→ú

´_(→´ )

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

orden-a-reorder-to-re

cambi-a-rechange-to

continu-a-recontinue to

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

orden-a-ndoordering

cambi-a-ndochanging

continu-a-ndocontinuing

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

orden-a-nteordering

cambi-a-ntechanging

continu-a-ntecontinuing

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

orden-a-toorder-a-to

cambi-a-to

continu-a-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

orden-o/órden-order

camb

-o/cambi--change-

continú-o/cont
continue/cont

nu-

orden-a-s/órden -order

camb

-a-s/cambi-

continú-a-s/conti
continues/conti

nu-

orden-a/órden-order

camb

-a/cambi--change-

continú-a/cont
continue/cont

nu-

orden-a-moslet's order

cambi-a-moslet's change

continu-a-moswe continue

orden-a-tesorder-takes

cambi-a-tes

continu-a-tes

orden-a-n/órden-
order-a-n/order-

camb

-a-n/cambi-

continú-a-n/cont
continues-cont

nu-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

orden-a-va/-vo
order-it-3rd/2nd

cambi-a-va/-vo

continu-a-va/-vo

orden-a-va-s
order-it-goes

cambi-a-va-s

continu-a-va-s

orden-a-va
order-it-goes

cambi-a-va

continu-a-va

orden-a-va-mos
we will order

cambi-a-va-mos
we will change

continu-a-va-mos
we will continue

orden-a-va-tes
order-to-go-ats

cambi-a-va-tes

continu-a-va-tes

í i
I'm sorry, but the source text you provided does not contain any meaningful content to translate. Please provide a different text for translation.

íin

í ii i


í ii i


í ii i

íin

í ii i


íin


í ii i

í ii i


íin

Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes
Regular models of the conjugations

orden-a-va-n
order-they-go-3rd person plural

cambi-a-va-n
they were changing

continu-a-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

orden-a-iorder-a-i

cambi-a-ichange-it

continu-a-icontinuing

orden-a-steorder-a-ste

cambi-a-ste

continu-a-ste

orden-a-uorder-a-u

cambi-a-u

continu-a-u

orden-a-mmosorder-a-mmos

cambi-a-mmoscambiamos

continu-a-mmoscontinuamos

orden-a-stes
order-to-these

cambi-a-stes

continu-a-stes

orden-a-ronthey ordered

cambi-a-ronthey changed

continu-a-ron
they continued

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

orden-a-ra-o / -i
order-a-ra-o / -i

cambi-a-ra-o / -i

continu-a-ra-o / -i
continuation / -i

orden-a-rà-s
order-to-be-formed

cambi-a-rà-s

continu-a-rà-s
will continue

orden-a-ràorder-to-go

cambi-a-rà

continu-a-rà
will continue

orden-a-re-mos
we will order

cambi-a-re-mos
we will change

continu-a-re-mos
we will continue

orden-a-re-tes
order-to-re-tes

cambi-a-re-tes

continu-a-re-tes

orden-a-rà-norder-a-rà-n

cambi-a-rà-nwill change

continu-a-rà-n
will continue

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

orden-e/órden-order-

camb

-e/c

ambi-

continú-e/cont
continue/cont

nu-

orden-e-s/órden-
order-s/order-

camb

-e-s/ca

mbi-

continú-e-s/conticontinue

nu-

orden-e/órden-order-

camb

-e/c

ambi-

continú-e/cont
continue/cont

nu-

orden-e-moslet's order

cambi-e-moslet's change

continu-e-mos
we will continue

orden-e-tes
order and you

cambi-e-tes

continu-e-tescontinue-yes

orden-e-n/órden-
order-n/order-

camb

-e-n/c

ambi-

continú-e-n/cont
continue-in/cont

inu-dog

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

orden-a-sse/-ssoorder-ly

cambi-a-sse/-sso
change-oneself/-oneself

continu-a-sse/-ssocontinuing

orden-a-sse-sorder-ess-es

cambi-a-sse-scambiasses

continu-a-sse-scontinuing

orden-a-sseorder-ss

cambi-a-sse

continu-a-ssecontinu-ous

orden-à-sse-mosorder-to-us

cambi-à-sse-moscambiàssimo

continu-à-sse-moscontinuously

orden-à-sse-tesorder to you

cambi-à-sse-tes
change-your-self

continu-à-sse-tescontinuously

orden-a-sse-n
order-assemble-n

cambi-a-sse-n

continu-a-sse-ncontinuance

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

orden-a-ría/-río
order-ary/-river

cambi-a-ría/-río
would change/would change

continu-a-ría/-río
continuation/would continue

orden-a-ría-sorder-aria-s

cambi-a-ría-swould change

continu-a-ría-s
continuaria's

orden-a-ríaorderliness

cambi-a-ríacambiaría

continu-a-ríacontinuaria

orden-a-ria-mos
order-aria-mos

cambi-a-ria-mos
we will change

continu-a-ria-mos
we will continue

orden-a-ria-tesorder-aries

cambi-a-ria-tes

continu-a-ria-tescontinuities

orden-a-ría-norderliness

cambi-a-ría-nwould change

continu-a-ría-n
would continue

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

orden-a-reva/-o
order-reverse/-o

cambi-a-reva/-o

continu-a-reva/-o
continuing-reva/-o

orden-a-reva-s
order-to-reverse-s

cambi-a-reva-s

continu-a-reva-s
continuarevas

orden-a-reva
order-to-reverse

cambi-a-reva

continu-a-reva

orden-a-reva-mos
order-to-reveal-us

cambi-a-reva-mos

continu-a-reva-mos
we will continue to reveal

orden-a-reva-tes
order-to-reverse-tes

cambi-a-reva-tes

continu-a-reva-tes
continuing-reveals

orden-a-reva-n
order-to-reveal-n

cambi-a-reva-n

continu-a-reva-n
continuarevan

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

orden-a/órden-order

camb

-a/c

ambi-

continú-a/cont
continue/cont

nu-

orden-e/órden-order-

camb

-e/c

ambi-

continú-e/cont
continue/cont

nu-

orden-e-moslet's order

cambi-e-moslet's change

continu-e-mos
we will continue

orden-a-te
order yourself

cambi-a-te
change yourself

continu-a-te
continue yourself

orden-e-n/órden-
order-n/order-

camb

-e-n/c

ambi-

continú-e-n/cont
continue-in/cont

inu-dog

Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs



è→ee



ò→oo


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

repèt-e-rerepeat-e-re

plòv-e-replov-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

repet-è-ndorepeating

plov-è-ndoplov-ing

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

repet-è-nterepetitive

plov-è-nteplovent

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

repet-u-to

plov-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

repèt-orepeat it

plòv-o

repèt-e-srepeated

plòv-e-sploughs

repèt-erepeat

plòv-e

repèt-e-mosrepeat to me

plòv-e-mos

repèt-e-tesrepeat it

plòv-e-tes

repèt-e-n/-o-
repeat-3SG/-1SG-

plòv-e-n/-o-plow-EN/-o-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

repet-e-va/-vo

plov-e-va/-vo

repet-e-va-s

plov-e-va-s

repet-e-va

plov-e-va

repet-e-va-mos

plov-e-va-mos
we are cooking pilaf

repet-e-va-tes

plov-e-va-tes

repet-e-va-n

plov-e-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

repet-e-iI repeated.

plov-e-i

repet-e-ste

plov-e-ste

repet-e-u

plov-e-u
I am eating pilaf.

repet-e-mmos

plov-e-mmos

repet-e-stes

plov-e-stes

repet-e-ron
they will repeat

plov-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

repet-e-ra-o / -i

plov-e-ra-o / -i

repet-e-rà-s

plov-e-rà-s

repet-e-ràrepeats

plov-e-rà

repet-e-re-moswe repeat

plov-e-re-mos

repet-e-re-tes

plov-e-re-tes

repet-e-rà-n

plov-e-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

repèt-arepeat it

plòv-a

repèt-a-srepeat-it

plòv-a-s

repèt-arepeat it

plòv-a

repet-a-moswe repeat

plov-a-mos

repet-a-tes

plov-a-tes

repèt-a-nrepeat it

plòv-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

repet-e-sse/-sso

plov-e-sse/-sso

repet-e-sse-srepetitions

plov-e-sse-s

repet-e-sse

plov-e-sse

repet-é-sse-mos
repet-ess-mos

plov-é-sse-mosplovéssemos

repet-é-sse-tesrepeats

plov-é-sse-tesplovesses

repet-e-sse-n

plov-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

repet-e-ría/-ríorepet-ory

plov-e-ría/-río

repet-e-ría-srepet-ory-s

plov-e-ría-splov-er-ies

repet-e-ríarepet-ory

plov-e-ría

repet-e-ria-mos

plov-e-ria-mos

repet-e-ria-tes
repetitiveness

plov-e-ria-tes

repet-e-ría-nrepet-eria-n

plov-e-ría-nplov-er-ia-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

repet-e-reva/-o

plov-e-reva/-o

repet-e-reva-s

plov-e-reva-s

repet-e-reva

plov-e-reva

repet-e-reva-mos

plov-e-reva-mos

repet-e-reva-tes

plov-e-reva-tes

repet-e-reva-n

plov-e-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

repèt-erepeat

plòv-e

repèt-arepeat it

plòv-a

rep

et-a-mos

pl
Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.

ov-a-moswe are

rep

èt-e-teet-e-te

pl
Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.

òv-e-te

repèt-a-nrepeat it

plòv-a-n


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


e→è

o→ò

(e→è)

´_(→´  )

(o→ò)

´_(→´  )

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

sent-i-resent-i-re

mor-i-remor-i-re

termin-a-retermin-a-re

nomin-a-reto name

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

sent-i-ndofeeling

mor-i-ndodying

termin-a-ndoterminating

nomin-a-ndonominating

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

sent-i-ntesentient

mor-i-nte

termin-a-nteterminating

nomin-a-ntenominating

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

sent-i-to

mor-i-to

termin-a-to

nomin-a-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

sènt-oscent

mòr-ogreat-o

termin-o/tèrmin-term-o/term-

nomin-o/nòmin-

sènt-e-sscented

mòr-e-s

termin-a-s/tèrmin -
term-a-s/term -

nomin-a-s/nòmin -
nomin-a-s/nòmin - name

sènt-escented

mòr-e
great-grandmother

termin-a/tèrmin-term-a/term-

nomin-a/nòmin-
nomin-a/nomin-

sent-i-moswe feel

mor-i-mos

termin-a-moswe end

nomin-a-moswe name

sent-i-tessentences

mor-i-tes

termin-a-testerminates

nomin-a-tesnominates

sènt-e-n/-o-scented

mòr-e-n/-o-
great-ness/-ness-

termin-a-n/tèrmin-
term-a-n/term-

nomin-a-n/nòmin-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

sent-i-va/-vo

mor-i-va/-vo

termin-a-va/-vo

nomin-a-va/-vo

sent-i-va-s

mor-i-va-s

termin-a-va-s

nomin-a-va-snominative

sent-i-va

mor-i-va

termin-a-va

nomin-a-va

sent-i-va-moswe will send

mor-i-va-mos
we are going to die

termin-a-va-mos
we were finishing

nomin-a-va-moswe nominate

sent-i-va-tes

mor-i-va-tes

termin-a-va-tes

nomin-a-va-tesnominative


í í í í
The source text does not contain any translatable content.


í í

í í


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes
Regular models of the conjugations

sent-i-va-n

mor-i-va-n

termin-a-va-n

nomin-a-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

sent-

-i/sent-
I'm sorry, but I need the source text you want to be translated. Please provide the text, and I'll translate it for you.


mor-

-i/mor-


termin-a-i

nomin-a-i

sent-i-ste

mor-i-ste

termin-a-ste

nomin-a-ste

sent-i-u

mor-i-u

termin-a-u

nomin-a-u

sent-i-mmos

mor-i-mmos

termin-a-mmos

nomin-a-mmos

sent-i-stes

mor-i-stes

termin-a-stes

nomin-a-stes

sent-i-ron

mor-i-ron

termin-a-ron

nomin-a-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

sent-i-ra-o / -i

mor-i-ra-o / -i

termin-a-ra-o / -i

nomin-a-ra-o / -i

sent-i-rà-swill be sent

mor-i-rà-s

termin-a-rà-s

nomin-a-rà-s

sent-i-rà

mor-i-rà

termin-a-rà

nomin-a-rà

sent-i-re-moswe will feel

mor-i-re-mos

termin-a-re-mos
we will finish

nomin-a-re-mosnominaremos

sent-i-re-tes

mor-i-re-tes

termin-a-re-tes

nomin-a-re-tesnominaretes

sent-i-rà-n
they will send

mor-i-rà-n

termin-a-rà-n

nomin-a-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

s

ènt-aisn't it

mòr-agreat-a

termin-e/t

èrmin-Ermin-

nomin-e/nòmin-nomin-

s

ènt-a-s

mòr-a-s

termin-e-s/tèterm-e-s/tè

rmin-

nomin-e-s/nòmin-

s

ènt-aisn't it

mòr-agreat-a

termin-e/t

èrmin-Ermin-

nomin-e/nòmin-nomin-

sent-a-mos

mor-a-mos

termin-e-mos

nomin-e-moswe name

sent-a-tes

mor-a-tes

termin-e-tes

nomin-e-tes

s

ènt-a-nisn't it

mòr-a-n

termin-e-n/tterm-e-n/t

èrmin-Ermin-

nomin-e-n/nòmin-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

sent-i-sse/-sso

mor-i-sse/-sso

termin-a-sse/-sso

nomin-a-sse/-sso

sent-i-sse-s

mor-i-sse-smori-sse-s

termin-a-sse-stermin-asses

nomin-a-sse-snominates

sent-i-sse

mor-i-ssemori-sse

termin-a-sse

nomin-a-ssenomin-ate

sent-

-sse-mos

mor-

-sse-mos

termin-à-sse-mos

nomin-à-sse-mos

sent-

-sse-tes

mor-

-sse-tes

termin-à-sse-testerminates

nomin-à-sse-tesnominates

sent-i-sse-n

mor-i-sse-nmori-sen

termin-a-sse-n
termin-assign

nomin-a-sse-nnomin-ation

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

sent-i-ría/-río
I would feel/I felt

mor-i-ría/-río
I would die/would die

termin-a-ría/-ríoterminology

nomin-a-ría/-río
nominatory/nominative

sent-i-ría-sI would feel

mor-i-ría-s
you would die

termin-a-ría-sterminology

nomin-a-ría-snomin-ary-s

sent-i-ríaI would feel

mor-i-ríaI would die

termin-a-ríaterminology

nomin-a-ríanominating

sent-i-ria-moswe will feel

mor-i-ria-moswe would die

termin-a-ria-mos

nomin-a-ria-mos

sent-i-ria-tessentinels

mor-i-ria-tesmorirías

termin-a-ria-tes

nomin-a-ria-tesnominariates

sent-i-ría-n
they would feel

mor-i-ría-nmorirían

termin-a-ría-n

nomin-a-ría-nnominating

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

sent-i-reva/-o

mor-i-reva/-o

termin-a-reva/-o

nomin-a-reva/-o
nominative-referent

sent-i-reva-s

mor-i-reva-s

termin-a-reva-s

nomin-a-reva-snominative

sent-i-reva

mor-i-reva

termin-a-reva

nomin-a-reva

sent-i-reva-mos
we will send you

mor-i-reva-mos

termin-a-reva-mos

nomin-a-reva-mos

sent-i-reva-tes

mor-i-reva-tes

termin-a-reva-tes

nomin-a-reva-tesnominative

sent-i-reva-n

mor-i-reva-n

termin-a-reva-n

nomin-a-reva-nnominative

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

s

ènt-i

mòr-ibig-i

termin-a/t

èrmin-Ermin-

nomin-a/nòmin-
nomin-a/nomin-

s

ènt-aisn't it

mòr-agreat-a

termin-e/t

èrmin-Ermin-

nomin-e/nòmin-nomin-

sent-a-mos

mor-a-mos

termin-e-mos

nomin-e-moswe name

sent-i-te

mor-i-tedie

termin-a-teterm-a-te

nomin-a-te

s

ènt-a-nisn't it

mòr-a-n

termin-e-n/tterm-e-n/t

èrmin-Ermin-

nomin-e-n/nòmin-

Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


CVC(→CC)

CVC(→CC)

é→ee

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

and-a-re 117

bév-e-reto drink

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

and-a-ndo

bev-è-ndodrinking

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

and-a-nte

bev-è-ntebeverage

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

and-a-to

bev-u-tobeverage

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

and-o

bev-o

and-a-s

bev-e-s

and-a

bev-e

and-a-mos

bév-e-mos
breathe-me-in

and-a-tes

bév-e-tesbeverage

and-a-n

bev-e-n/-o-beveno

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

and-a-va/-vo

bev-e-va/-vobeverage

and-a-va-s

bev-e-va-s

and-a-va

bev-e-vabeverage

and-a-va-mos
and we are going

bev-e-va-mos

and-a-va-tes

bev-e-va-tesbeverages

and-a-va-n

bev-e-va-nbevan

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

and-a-i

bev-e-i

and-a-ste

bev-e-stebeverage

and-a-u

bev-e-u

and-a-mmos

bev-e-mmos

and-a-stes

bev-e-stesbeverages

and-a-ron

bev-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

and-a-ra-o / -i /-d-r-
and-a-ra-o / -i / -d-r-

bev-e-ra-o / -i /-v-r-beverage

and-a-rà-s/-d-r-

bev-e-rà-s/-v-r-beverage

and-a-rà/-d-r-

bev-e-rà/-v-r-beverage

and-a-re-mos/-d-r-

bev-e-re-mos/-v-r-beverage

and-a-re-tes/-d-r-

bev-e-re-tes/-v-r-beverage

and-a-rà-n/-d-r-

bev-e-rà-n/-v-r-beverage

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

and-e

bev-a

and-e-s

bev-a-s

and-e

bev-a

and-e-mos

bev-a-mos
beverage-mouse

and-e-tes

bev-a-tesbeverages

and-e-n

bev-a-nbeverage

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

and-a-sse/-sso

bev-e-sse/-ssobeverage


117 Cui con lo sènso de ‘camminare’. Por lo sènso de ‘vàdere, ire’, ved. vàdere.
117 With the sense of 'to walk'. For the sense of 'to see, to go', see. to see.

and-a-sse-s

bev-e-sse-sbeverages

and-a-sse

bev-e-ssebeverage

and-à-sse-mos

bev-é-sse-mosbeverage

and-à-sse-tes

bev-é-sse-tesbeverages

and-a-sse-n

bev-e-sse-nbeverage

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

and-a-ría/-río /-d-r-

bev-e-ría/-río /-v-r-beverage

and-a-ría-s/-d-r-

bev-e-ría-s/-v-r-beverages

and-a-ría/-d-r-

bev-e-ría/-v-r-beverage

and-a-ria-mos/-d-r-

bev-e-ria-mos/-v-r-beverage

and-a-ria-tes/-d-r-

bev-e-ria-tes/-v-r-beverages

and-a-ría-n/-d-r-

bev-e-ría-n/-v-r-beverage

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

and-a-reva/-o/-d-r-

bev-e-reva/-o/-v-r-beverage

and-a-reva-s/-d-r-

bev-e-reva-s/-v-r-beverage

and-a-reva/-d-r-

bev-e-reva/-v-r-beverage

and-a-reva-mos/-d-r-

bev-e-reva-mos/-v-r-
beverage-revenue-moss/-v-r-

and-a-reva-tes/-d-r-

bev-e-reva-tes/-v-r-beverage

and-a-reva-n/-d-r-

bev-e-reva-n/-v-r-beverage

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

and-a

bev-e

and-e

bev-a

and-e-mos

bev-a-mos
beverage-mouse

and-a-te

b

év-e-teev-e-te

and-e-n

b

ev-a-n


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


t→ts i→í

´_(→´ )

ca→che

ga→ghe

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

initi-a-reinitiate

cerc-a-reto search

leg-a-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

initi-a-ndoinitiating

cerc-a-ndosearching

leg-a-ndoreading

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

initi-a-nteinitiating

cerc-a-ntecercante

leg-a-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

initi-a-to

cerc-a-to

leg-a-tolegato

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

inithis

ts

-o/in

ti-

cerc-o

leg-o

inithis

ts

-a-s/ini

ti-

cerc-a-s

leg-a-s

inithis

ts

-a/in

ti-

cerc-acerca

leg-a

initi-a-mos

cerc-a-mos
we are looking for

leg-a-mos

initi-a-tesinitiates

cerc-a-tes

leg-a-tes

inithis

ts

-a-n/in

iti-

cerc-a-n

leg-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

initi-a-va/-vo

cerc-a-va/-vocerca-va/-vo

leg-a-va/-vo

í i
The source text appears to be incomplete or unclear. Please provide a complete and clear text for translation.

íi

í ii i


íi


í ii i

íi

í ii i


íi


í ii i

í ii i

initi-a-va-s

cerc-a-va-s

leg-a-va-s

initi-a-va

cerc-a-va

leg-a-va

initi-a-va-mos

cerc-a-va-mos
we will approach

leg-a-va-mos
we were reading

initi-a-va-tesinitiates

cerc-a-va-tescercavates

leg-a-va-tes

initi-a-va-n

cerc-a-va-n

leg-a-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

initi-a-i

cerc-a-i

leg-a-i

initi-a-ste

cerc-a-ste

leg-a-ste

initi-a-u

cerc-a-u

leg-a-u

initi-a-mmos

cerc-a-mmos

leg-a-mmos

initi-a-stes

cerc-a-stes

leg-a-stes

initi-a-roninitiated

cerc-a-ron

leg-a-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

initi-a-ra-o / -i

cerc-a-ra-o / -i

leg-a-ra-o / -i

initi-a-rà-sinitiates

cerc-a-rà-s

leg-a-rà-s

initi-a-ràinitiate

cerc-a-rà

leg-a-rà

initi-a-re-mos

cerc-a-re-mos

leg-a-re-moswe will read

initi-a-re-tesinitiates

cerc-a-re-tes

leg-a-re-tes

initi-a-rà-n
will initiate

cerc-a-rà-ncercará-n

leg-a-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

inits

-e/in

ti-

cer

ch

-e

lethe

gh

-e

inits

-e-s/ini

ti-

cer

ch

-e-s

lethe

gh

-e-s

inits

-e/in

ti-

cer

ch

-e

lethe

gh

-e

initi-e-mos

cer

ch

-e-mos

lethe

gh

-e-mos

initi-e-tesinitiates

cer

ch

-e-tes

lethe

gh

-e-tes

inithis

ts

-e-n/in

iti-

cer

ch

-e-n

lethe

gh

-e-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

initi-a-sse/-sso

cerc-a-sse/-sso

leg-a-sse/-sso

initi-a-sse-sinitiates

cerc-a-sse-s

leg-a-sse-sleg-asses

initi-a-sse

cerc-a-sse

leg-a-sse

initi-à-sse-mosinitiates us

cerc-à-sse-mos

leg-à-sse-mos

initi-à-sse-tesinitiates

cerc-à-sse-tes

leg-à-sse-tes

initi-a-sse-ninitiation

cerc-a-sse-n

leg-a-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

initi-a-ría/-río
initiatory/river

cerc-a-ría/-río
cercaria/larva

leg-a-ría/-río
leg-ary/-river

initi-a-ría-sinitiaries

cerc-a-ría-scercarías

leg-a-ría-slegacies

initi-a-ríainitiatory

cerc-a-ríacercanía

leg-a-ría

initi-a-ria-mos

cerc-a-ria-moscercariae

leg-a-ria-mos

initi-a-ria-tesinitiates

cerc-a-ria-tescercariae

leg-a-ria-tes

initi-a-ría-n
initi-a-ria-n

cerc-a-ría-n

leg-a-ría-nlegionnaire

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

initi-a-reva/-o
initiate-reveal/-o

cerc-a-reva/-o

leg-a-reva/-o

initi-a-reva-s

cerc-a-reva-s

leg-a-reva-s

initi-a-reva

cerc-a-reva

leg-a-reva

initi-a-reva-mos

cerc-a-reva-mos

leg-a-reva-mos

initi-a-reva-tesinitiates

cerc-a-reva-tes

leg-a-reva-tes

initi-a-reva-n

cerc-a-reva-n

leg-a-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

inithis

ts

-a/in

ti-

cerc-acerca

leg-a

inithis

ts

-e/in

ti-

cerch-esearch

legh-e

initi-e-mos

cerch-e-mos
we will search

legh-e-mos


initi-a-teinitiate

cerc-a-tesearch you

leg-a-te

inithis

ts

-e-n/in

ti-

cerch-e-nsearch-en

legh-e-n

í ii i

Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs




cîa→ce

ce→cîa ce→cîa(/ca) ó→o

ci→cîa

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

lancî-a-re

conósc-e-re
know yourself

marc-i-re

GERUNDIO

GERUNDIO

GERUNDIO

lancî-a-ndo

conosc-è-ndoknowing

marc-i-ndo

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

lancî-a-nte

conosc-è-nte
knowledgeable

marc-i-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

lancî-a-to

conos-u-to / -c-
know-you-2SG / -C-

marc-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

lancî-o

conos-o/-c-
know him/her/it

mar-o

lancî-a-s

conosc-e-sknow-s

marc-e-s

lancî-a

conosc-eknow

marc-e

lancî-a-mos

conósc-e-mos
let's get to know each other

marc-i-mos

lancî-a-tes

conósc-e-tes
know yourself

marc-i-tes

lancî-a-n

conosc-e-n/--o-/-c-o-118

marc-e-n/--o-119

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

lancî-a-va/-vo

conosc-e-va/-voknow-you-are

marc-i-va/-vo

lancî-a-va-s

conosc-e-va-s
know-you-will

marc-i-va-s

lancî-a-va

conosc-e-vaknow-you-go

marc-i-va

lancî-a-va-mos

conosc-e-va-moswe will know

marc-i-va-mos

lancî-a-va-tes

conosc-e-va-tes
know-you-will-be

marc-i-va-tes

lancî-a-va-n

conosc-e-va-n
know-you-will

marc-i-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

lancî-a-i

conosc-e-iknow-you

marc-

-i/marc-


lancî-a-ste

conosc-e-steknow-you-are

marc-i-ste

lancî-a-u

conosc-e-uknow-you

marc-i-u

lancî-a-mmos

conosc-e-mmos

marc-i-mmos

lancî-a-stes

conosc-e-stesknow-these

marc-i-stes

lancî-a-ron

conosc-e-ron
they will know

marc-i-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

lancî-a-ra-o / -i

conosc-e-ra-o / -i
knowledge / -s

marc-i-ra-o / -i

lancî-a-rà-s

conosc-e-rà-swill know

marc-i-rà-s

lancî-a-rà

conosc-e-ràwill know

marc-i-rà

lancî-a-re-mos

conosc-e-re-moswe will know

marc-i-re-mos

lancî-a-re-tes

conosc-e-re-tesknow-how

marc-i-re-tes

lancî-a-rà-n

conosc-e-rà-nwill know

marc-i-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

lanc-e

conos-a/-c-
know-1st person singular present indicative

mar-a

í í
The source text appears to be non-standard or may not contain translatable content. Please provide a different text for translation.


118 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (COGNOSCUNT) èst conoscon.
The corresponding variant to Latin (COGNOSCUNT) is they know.

119 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (MARCENT) èst marcen.
The corresponding variant in Latin (MARCENT) is marcen.


lanc-e-slances

conoscîknow

-a-s/-c-

marcîmarble

-a-s

lanc-e

conoscîknow

-a/-c-

marcîmarble

-a

lanc-e-mos

conoscîknow

-a-mos/-c-

marcîmarble

-a-mos

lanc-e-tes

conoscîknow

-a-tes/-c-

marcîmarble

-a-tes

lanc-e-n

conoscîknow

-a-n/-c-

marcîmarble

-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

lancî-a-sse/-sso

conosc-e-sse/-sso
know-ness/-ness

marc-i-sse/-sso

lancî-a-sse-s

conosc-e-sse-sknow-ledge-s

marc-i-sse-s

lancî-a-sse

conosc-e-sseknow-ledge

marc-i-sse

lancî-à-sse-mos

conosc-é-sse-moswe know

marc-

-sse-mos

lancî-à-sse-tes

conosc-é-sse-tesyou know

marc-

-sse-tes

lancî-a-sse-n

conosc-e-sse-nknow-ledge-n

marc-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

lancî-a-ría/-río

conosc-e-ría/-río
knowledge/wisdom

marc-i-ría/-río
marshland/river

lancî-a-ría-s

conosc-e-ría-s
you would know

marc-i-ría-s

lancî-a-ría

conosc-e-ríaknowledge

marc-i-ría

lancî-a-ria-mos

conosc-e-ria-moswe will know

marc-i-ria-mos

lancî-a-ria-tes

conosc-e-ria-tesknowledge

marc-i-ria-tes

lancî-a-ría-n

conosc-e-ría-n
they would know

marc-i-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

lancî-a-reva/-o

conosc-e-reva/-oknow-reva/-o

marc-i-reva/-o

lancî-a-reva-s

conosc-e-reva-sconoscerevas

marc-i-reva-s

lancî-a-reva

conosc-e-reva

marc-i-reva

lancî-a-reva-mos

conosc-e-reva-moswe will know

marc-i-reva-mos

lancî-a-reva-tes

conosc-e-reva-tes
conoscerevate

marc-i-reva-tes

lancî-a-reva-n

conosc-e-reva-n
know-and-reva-n

marc-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

lancî-a

conosc-eknow

marc-i

lanc-e

conoscîknow

-a/-c-

marcîmarble

-a

lanc-e-mos

conoscîknow

-a-mos/-c-

marcîmarble

-a-mos

lancî-a-te

conwith

ósc-e-te

marc-i-te

lanc-e-n

conwith

os-a-n/-c-oscillate

mar-a-n

í í



Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


ce→cîa(/ca) ce→cîa

é→ee

ce→cîa(/ccîa) ce→cîa

ci→cîa(/ccîa) ci→cîa

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

vénc-e-revénc-e-re

plac-e-replace-re

gloc-i-regloc-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

venc-è-ndocoming

plac-è-ndoplacing

gloc-i-ndoglock-i-ndo

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

venc-è-ntevincente

plac-è-nteplacent

gloc-i-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

ven-u-to / vinto
defeated / won

pla-u-to

gloc-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

ven-o/-c-o
defeat him/her/it

pla-o/-ccî-oplace it

glo-o/-ccî-o


v

enc-e-s

plac-e-splaces

gloc-e-s

v

enc-e

plac-eplace

gloc-e

v

énc-e-mosé-nc-e-mos

plac-e-mos

gloc-i-mos

v

énc-e-tes
é-n-c-e-t-e-s

plac-e-tes

gloc-i-tes

v

enc-e-n/--o-/-c-o-120

plac-e-n/--o-/-ccî-o-121

gloc-e-n/--o-/-ccî-o-122

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

v

enc-e-va/-vo

plac-e-va/-vo

gloc-i-va/-vo

v

enc-e-va-s

plac-e-va-s

gloc-i-va-s

v

enc-e-va

plac-e-va

gloc-i-va

v

enc-e-va-mos
we are going to the beach

plac-e-va-mos
we will place

gloc-i-va-mos
we will be global

v

enc-e-va-tes

plac-e-va-tes

gloc-i-va-tes

v

enc-e-va-n

plac-e-va-n

gloc-i-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

v

enc-e-i

plac-e-iplace-i

gloc-

-i/gloc-


v

enc-e-ste

plac-e-ste

gloc-i-ste

v

enc-e-u

plac-e-uplace you

gloc-i-u

v

enc-e-mmos

plac-e-mmos

gloc-i-mmos

v

enc-e-stes

plac-e-stes

gloc-i-stes

v

enc-e-ron

plac-e-ron

gloc-i-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

v

enc-e-ra-o / -i
encounter / -i

plac-e-ra-o / -i
placerao / -i

gloc-i-ra-o / -i

v

enc-e-rà-senc-erà-s

plac-e-rà-s

gloc-i-rà-s

v

enc-e-rà

plac-e-rà

gloc-i-rà

v

enc-e-re-mos
we will encourage

plac-e-re-mos
we will place

gloc-i-re-mos

v

enc-e-re-tes

plac-e-re-tes

gloc-i-re-tes

v

enc-e-rà-nenc-erà-n

plac-e-rà-n

gloc-i-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

v

encî

-a/-c-

placî

-a/-ccî-

glocî

-a/-ccî-

v

encî

-a-s/-c-

placî

-a-s/-ccî-

glocî

-a-s/-ccî-

v

encî

-a/-c-

placî

-a/-ccî-

glocî

-a/-ccî-

v

encî

-a-mos/-c-

placî

-a-mos/-ccî-

glocî

-a-mos/-ccî-

v

encî

-a-tes/-c-

placî

-a-tes/-ccî-

glocî

-a-tes/-ccî-

v

encî

-a-n/-c-

placî

-a-n/-ccî-

glocî

-a-n/-ccî-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

v

enc-e-sse/-sso

plac-e-sse/-sso
place-sse/-sso

gloc-i-sse/-sso

v

enc-e-sse-s

plac-e-sse-splaces

gloc-i-sse-s

v

enc-e-sse

plac-e-sseplace-sse

gloc-i-sse

v

enc-é-sse-mos
we will be enchanted

plac-é-sse-mosplacenessmos

gloc-

-sse-mos

v

enc-é-sse-tesencéssètes

plac-é-sse-tesplacenesses

gloc-

-sse-tes

v

enc-e-sse-n

plac-e-sse-nplaceness

gloc-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

v

enc-e-ría/-ríoencountered

plac-e-ría/-ríoplacery/rio

gloc-i-ría/-ríoglory

v

enc-e-ría-s
encouragement

plac-e-ría-splacerys

gloc-i-ría-s

v

enc-e-ría
encouragement

plac-e-ríaplacery

gloc-i-ría

v

enc-e-ria-mos
we will encourage

plac-e-ria-mos

gloc-i-ria-mos

v

enc-e-ria-tesencounters

plac-e-ria-tesplaceriates

gloc-i-ria-tes

v

enc-e-ría-n
they would encourage

plac-e-ría-nplaceryan

gloc-i-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

í í


í í


120 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VINCUNT) èst vencon.
The corresponding variant in Latin (VINCUNT) is vencon.

121 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (PLACENT) èst placen.
The corresponding variant in Latin (PLACENT) is placen.

122 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (GLOCIUNT) èst gloccîon.
The corresponding variant to Latin (GLOCIUNT) is gloccîon.

venc-e-reva/-o

plac-e-reva/-o

gloc-i-reva/-o

venc-e-reva-s

plac-e-reva-s

gloc-i-reva-s

venc-e-reva

plac-e-reva

gloc-i-reva

venc-e-reva-mos
we will overcome

plac-e-reva-mos

gloc-i-reva-mos

venc-e-reva-tes

plac-e-reva-tes

gloc-i-reva-tes

venc-e-reva-n

plac-e-reva-n

gloc-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

venc-e

plac-eplace

gloc-i

vencîdefeated

-a/-c-

placî

-a/-ccî-

glocî

-a/-ccî-

vencîdefeated

-a-mos/-c-

placî

-a-mos/-ccî-

glocî

-a-mos/-ccî-

v

énc-e-teé-n-c-e-t-e

plac-e-teplace you

gloc-i-te

v

en-a-n/-c-

pla-a-n/-ccî-

glo-a-n/-ccî-


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


gîa→ge

ge→gîa è→e

gi→gîa gi→gîa(/ggîa)

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

arrangî-a-re
arrange-to-you

convèrg-e-reconverge

rug-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

arrangî-a-ndoarranging

converg-è-ndoconverging

rug-i-ndo

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

arrangî-a-ntearrange-ment

converg-è-nteconvergent

rug-i-nterug-in-te

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

arrangî-a-toarrange-to

conver-u-to / -g- / convèrso
converge-u-to / -g- / converse

rug-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

arrangî-oarrange it

convèr-o/-g-converge

ru-o/-ggî-

arrangî-a-sarranged

convèrg-e-sconverges

rug-e-s

arrangî-aarrangement

convèrg-econverge

rug-e

arrangî-a-mos
arrange for us

convèrg-e-mosconverge

rug-i-mos

arrangî-a-tesarranged

convèrg-e-tesconverge

rug-i-tes

arrangî-a-n
arrange-me-1SG

convèrg-e-n/--o-/-g-o-123
converge-1/-g2-/-g-123

rug-e-n/--o-/-ggî-o-124

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

arrangî-a-va/-vo
arrange-it-him/her/them

converg-e-va/-vo
converge-e-va/-vo

rug-i-va/-vo

arrangî-a-va-s
arrange-it-for-you

converg-e-va-sconverge-vs

rug-i-va-s

arrangî-a-va
arrange-it-to-you

converg-e-vaconverge-va

rug-i-va

arrangî-a-va-mos
arrange-it-to-us

converg-e-va-mos
we will converge

rug-i-va-moswe will go

arrangî-a-va-tes
arranged for you

converg-e-va-tes
converge-vates

rug-i-va-tes

arrangî-a-va-n

converg-e-va-n
converge-v-an

rug-i-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

arrangî-a-iarranged

converg-e-iconverge-i

rug-rug

-i/rug-


arrangî-a-stearranged

converg-e-ste
converge-este

rug-i-ste

arrangî-a-uarrange-you

converg-e-u

rug-i-u

arrangî-a-mmos
arranged for me

converg-e-mmos
converge-mmos

rug-i-mmos

arrangî-a-stesarranged

converg-e-stes
converge-stes

rug-i-stes

arrangî-a-ron
arrange-a-ron

converg-e-ron
they converged

rug-i-ron

í íí í


123 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (CONVERGUNT) èst convèrgon.
The corresponding variant to Latin (CONVERGUNT) is convergunt.

124 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (RUGIUNT) èst ruggîon.
The corresponding variant in Latin (RUGIUNT) is ruggîon.

FUTUROFUTURE

arrangî-a-ra-o / -i arrangî-a-rà-s arrangî-a-rà arrangî-a-re-mos arrangî-a-re-tes arrangî-a-rà-n
arranged / -s arranged / arranged / we arranged / you arranged / they arranged

SUBJUNCTIVO PRESÈNTE
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

arrang-e arrang-e-s arrang-e arrang-e-mos arrang-e-tes arrang-e-n
arrange arranges arrange arranging arranged arrangements

PASS. IMPERF.

arrangî-a-sse/-sso arrangî-a-sse-s arrangî-a-sse arrangî-à-sse-mos arrangî-à-sse-tes arrangî-a-sse-n
arranged-arranged arranged-arranged arranged-arranged-arranged arranged-arranged-them arranged-arranged-you arranged-arranged-them

CONDITIONALE PRESÈNTE I
PRESENT CONDITIONAL I

arrangî-a-ría/-río arrangî-a-ría-s arrangî-a-ría arrangî-a-ria-mos arrangî-a-ria-tes arrangî-a-ría-n
arrangement/arrangements arrangement arrangement-our arrangement-you arrangement-they

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

arrangî-a-reva/-o arrangî-a-reva-s arrangî-a-reva arrangî-a-reva-mos arrangî-a-reva-ges arrangî-a-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

arrangî-a arrang-e arrang-e-mos arrangî-a-te arrang-e-n
arrange-arrange-arrange-me arrange-you arrange-them

FUTUROFUTURE

converg-e-ra-o / -i converg-e-rà-s converg-e-rà converg-e-re-mos converg-e-re-tes converg-e-rà-n
converge-1s / -i converge-2s converge-3s converge-1p converge-2p converge-3p

SUBJUNCTIVO PRESÈNTE
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

convèrgî-a/-g- convèrgî-a-s/-g- convèrgî-a/-g- convergî-a-mos/-g- convergî-a-tes/-g- convèrgî-a-n/-g-
converge/converges/converging/converged/converging/converged

PASS. IMPERF.

converg-e-sse/-sso converg-e-sse-s converg-e-sse converg-é-sse-mos converg-é-sse-tes converg-e-sse-n
converge-sse/-sso converge-sse-s converge-sse converge-é-sse-mos converge-é-sse-tes converge-sse-n

CONDITIONALE PRESÈNTE I
PRESENT CONDITIONAL I

converg-e-ría/-río converg-e-ría-s converg-e-ría converg-e-ria-mos converg-e-ria-tes converg-e-ría-n
converged/converges converged converged we converged converged you converged they converged

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

converg-e-reva/-o converg-e-reva-s converg-e-reva converg-e-reva-mos converg-e-reva-tes converg-e-reva-n
converge-reveal/-o converge-reveal-s converge-reveal converge-reveal-mos converge-reveal-tes converge-reveal-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

convèrg-e convèrgî-a/-g-converge

conver-a-mos/-g- convèrg-e-te convèr-a-n/-g-
we converge/-g- you converge we converged/-g-

FUTUROFUTURE

rug-i-ra-o / -i rug-i-rà-s

rug-i-rà

rug-i-re-mos rug-i-re-tes rug-i-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO PRESÈNTE
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

rugî-a/-ggî- rugî-a-s/-ggî- rugî-a/-ggî-

rugî-a-mos/-ggî- rugî-a-tes/-ggî- rugî-a-n/-ggî-

PASS. IMPERF.

rug-i-sse/-sso rug-i-sse-s rug-i-sse

rug-í-sse-mos rug-í-sse-tes rug-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE PRESÈNTE I
PRESENT CONDITIONAL I

rug-i-ría/-río rug-i-ría-s rug-i-ría

rug-i-ria-mos rug-i-ria-tes rug-i-ría-n
we were crying you were crying they were crying

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

rug-i-reva/-o rug-i-reva-s rug-i-reva

rug-i-reva-mos rug-i-reva-tes rug-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

rug-i

rugî-a/-ggî-

ru-a-mos/-ggî- rug-i-te

ru-a-n/-ggî-


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


ge→gîa(/ga) ge→gîa

è→ee

gi→gîa(/ggîa) gi→gîa


íí


125 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (LEGUNT) èst lègon.
The corresponding variant to Latin (LEGUNT) is lègon.

126 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (MUGIUNT) èst muggîon.
The corresponding variant in Latin (MUGIUNT) is muggîon.

mug-mug

leg-e-i

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

mug-i-mos

mu

mug-i-tes

leg-è-ndoreading

mug-e

lèg-eleg-e

mug-e-s

lèg-e-slegs

gî-a/-ggî- gî-a-s/-ggî- gî-a/-ggî-
gî-a/-ggî- gî-as/-ggî- gî-a/-ggî-

gî-a-mos/-ggî- gî-a-tes/-ggî- gî-a-n/-ggî-

mu-o/-ggî-

í-i/mug-i-i/mug-

leg-e-ste

mug-i-ste

legî-u-to / lècto

mug-i-ndomugging

mug-e-n/--o-/-ggî-o-

126

PASS. IMPERF.

leg-e-va/-vo

mug-i-va/-vo

leg-e-va-s

mug-i-va-s

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

mug-i-va

mug-i-va-mos

mug-i-va-tes mug-i-va-n

leg-e-va-mos
we were going to read

leg-e-va-tes leg-e-va-n

mug-i-ra-o / -i

leg-e-ron

mug-i-stes

leg-e-stes

mug-i-mmos

leg-e-mmos

mug-i-u

mug-i-rà-n

mug-i-sse

mug-i-ron

leg-e-rà-sleg-er-ate

mug-i-rà-s

leg-e-rà

mug-i-rà

leg-e-re-moswe will read

mug-i-re-mos

leg-e-re-tes

mug-i-sse/-sso

legî-a-tes/-g-

leg-e-u

mu

-a-n/-g-

mu

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

leg-e-sse/-sso

mug-i-re-tes

leg-e-sse-sleg-ess-es

mug-i-sse-smug-is-sse-s

leg-e-sse

leg-e-ra-o / -i
leg-ere-o / -i

leg-é-sse-mos
leg-ess-we-are

mug-mug

FUTUROFUTURE

PARTICIP. PASS.

PASS. IMPERF.

mug-i-re

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

leg-e-va

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

leg-è-nte

mug-i-ntemug-in-te

í-sse-mosi-sse-mos

PARTICIP. PASS.

lèg-e-mos

lèg-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

lèg-e-tes

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

-o/-g-o

lèg-e-n/--o-/-g-o-125
leg-e-n/-gî-o-/-g-o-125

mug-i-to

legî-a-mos/-g-

mu

-a/-g-

mu

-a-s/-g-

mu

-a/-g-

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

FUTUROFUTURE

leg-e-rà-nleg-eration

leg-é-sse-teslegacies

mug-mug

-sse-tes

leg-e-sse-n

mug-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALECONDITIONAL

CONDITIONALECONDITIONAL

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

leg-e-ría/-río
leg-ery/-river

mug-i-ría/-ríomugging

leg-e-ría-slegacies

mug-i-ría-s

leg-e-ríaleg-ery

mug-i-ría

leg-e-ria-mos

mug-i-ria-mos

leg-e-ria-tes

mug-i-ria-tes

leg-e-ría-nlegionary

mug-i-ría-nmugger

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

leg-e-reva/-o

mug-i-reva/-o

leg-e-reva-s

mug-i-reva-s

leg-e-reva

mug-i-reva

leg-e-reva-mos

mug-i-reva-mos

leg-e-reva-tes

mug-i-reva-tes

leg-e-reva-n

mug-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

lèg-elegacy

mug-i

-a/-g-

mugî-a/-ggî-

legî-a-mos/-g-

mu-a-mos/-ggî-

lèg-e-te

mug-i-te

-a-n/-g-

mu-a-n/-ggî-

íin


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


p→p(/ppi/ccî) à→a

CVC(→CC)

v→v(/bbi/jj)


CVC(→CC)

r→r(/ri)


CVC(→CC)

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

càp-e-recaper

dev-e-re

par-e-reopinion

GERUNDIO

GERUNDIO

GERUNDIOGERUND

cap-è-ndo 127

dev-è-ndo

par-è-ndo

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

cap-è-ntecapable

dev-è-nte

par-è-nteparent

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

cap-u-to

dev-u-to

par-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

cap-o/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-o/-bbi-/-jj-

par-o/-ri-

cap-e-s

dev-e-s

par-e-s

cap-e

dev-e

par-e

càp-e-mos

dev-e-mos

par-e-mos

càp-e-tescabbage

dev-e-tes

par-e-tes

cap-e-n/-o-/-ppi-o-/-ccî-o-128

dev-e-n/-o-/-bbi-o-/-jj-o-129
dev-en/-o-/-bbi-o-/-jj-o-129

par-e-n/-o-/-ri-o-130

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.


127 Ved. lo significato de lo remarcato en § 2. 2.
127 See the meaning of what is highlighted in § 2. 2.

128 Las variantes correspondèntes ad lo latino (CAPIUNT) son cappion/caccîon.
The corresponding variants in Latin (CAPIUNT) are cappion/caccîon.

129 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (DEBENT) èst deven.
The corresponding variant to Latin (DEBENT) is deven.

130 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (PARENT) èst paren.
The corresponding variant in Latin (PARENT) is paren.

cap-e-va/-vo

dev-e-va/-vo

par-e-va/-vo

cap-e-va-s

dev-e-va-s

par-e-va-s

cap-e-va

dev-e-va

par-e-va

cap-e-va-moswe will go

dev-e-va-moswe are going

par-e-va-mos

cap-e-va-tes

dev-e-va-tes

par-e-va-tes

cap-e-va-n

dev-e-va-n

par-e-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

cap-e-i

dev-e-i

par-e-i

cap-e-ste

dev-e-ste

par-e-ste

cap-e-u

dev-e-u

par-e-u

cap-e-mmos

dev-e-mmos

par-e-mmos

cap-e-stes

dev-e-stes

par-e-stes

cap-e-ron

dev-e-ron

par-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

cap-e-ra-o / -i/-p-r-

dev-e-ra-o / -i /-v-r-

par-e-ra-o / -i /-r-r-

cap-e-rà-s/-p-r-
cap-erà-s/-p-r-

dev-e-rà-s/-v-r-

par-e-rà-s/-r-r-

cap-e-rà/-p-r-

dev-e-rà/-v-r-

par-e-rà/-r-r-

cap-e-re-mos/-p-r-

dev-e-re-mos/-v-r-

par-e-re-mos/-r-r-

cap-e-re-tes/-p-r-

dev-e-re-tes/-v-r-

par-e-re-tes/-r-r-

cap-e-rà-n/-p-r-
cap-er-a-n/-p-r-

dev-e-rà-n/-v-r-

par-e-rà-n/-r-r-

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

cap-a/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a/-ri-

cap-a-s/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-s/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-s/-ri-

cap-a/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a/-ri-

cap-a-mos/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-mos/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-mos/-ri-

cap-a-tes/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-tes/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-tes/-ri-

cap-a-n/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-n/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-n/-ri-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

cap-e-sse/-sso

dev-e-sse/-sso

par-e-sse/-sso

cap-e-sse-scap-ess-es

dev-e-sse-s

par-e-sse-spar-ess-es

cap-e-sse

dev-e-sse

par-e-ssepar-essence

cap-é-sse-moscap-ess-mos

dev-é-sse-moswe become

par-é-sse-moslaziness

cap-é-sse-tescap-ess-tes

dev-é-sse-tes
dev-e-sse-tes

par-é-sse-teslaziness

cap-e-sse-n

dev-e-sse-n

par-e-sse-npar-essence

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

cap-e-ría/-río/-p-r-
capery/-river/-p-r-

dev-e-ría/-río /-v-r-

par-e-ría/-río /-r-r-
par-ry /-r-r-

cap-e-ría-s/-p-r-caperys/-pr-

dev-e-ría-s/-v-r-

par-e-ría-s/-r-r-

cap-e-ría/-p-r-capery/pur

dev-e-ría/-v-r-

par-e-ría/-r-r-
par-erya/-r-r-

cap-e-ria-mos/-p-r-

dev-e-ria-mos/-v-r-

par-e-ria-mos/-r-r-

cap-e-ria-tes/-p-r-
cap-er-ia-tes/-p-r-

dev-e-ria-tes/-v-r-

par-e-ria-tes/-r-r-

cap-e-ría-n/-p-r-
cap-er-ia-n/-p-r-

dev-e-ría-n/-v-r-
they would have to / they would have to

par-e-ría-n/-r-r-
would-come/-r-r-

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

cap-e-reva/-o/-p-r-

dev-e-reva/-o/-v-r-

par-e-reva/-o/-r-r-

cap-e-reva-s/-p-r-

dev-e-reva-s/-v-r-

par-e-reva-s/-r-r-

cap-e-reva/-p-r-

dev-e-reva/-v-r-

par-e-reva/-r-r-

cap-e-reva-mos/-p-r-

dev-e-reva-mos/-v-r-

par-e-reva-mos/-r-r-

cap-e-reva-tes/-p-r-

dev-e-reva-tes/-v-r-

par-e-reva-tes/-r-r-

cap-e-reva-n/-p-r-

dev-e-reva-n/-v-r-

par-e-reva-n/-r-r-

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

cap-e

dev-e

par-e

cap-a/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a/-ri-

ca

p-a-mos/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-mos/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-mos/-ri-

p-e-te

dev-e-te

par-e-te

ca

p-a-n/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-n/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-n/-ri-


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs



d(→dz) CVC(→CC)

d(→dz) CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz) CVC(→CC)

x(→ssî) e→è

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

aud-i-rehear

ard-e-re

ved-e-re

ex-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

aud-i-ndohearing

ard-è-ndo

ved-è-ndoseeing

ex-i-ndo

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

aud-i-nteaudience

ard-è-nteardent

ved-è-nte

ex-i-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

aud-i-to

ard-u-to / arso

ved-u-to / visto
seen-you / seen

ex-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

aud-o / audz-

ard-o /ardz-
burn / burns-

ved-o / vejj- / veddz-

èx-o 131/ èssî-
ex-o 131/ essi-

aud-e-s

ard-e-s

ved-e-s

èx-e-sex-es

aud-e

ard-e

ved-e

èx-eex-e

aud-i-moswe hear

ard-e-mos

ved-e-moswe see you

ex-i-mos

aud-i-tesaudiences

ard-e-tes

ved-e-tes

ex-i-tes

aud-e-n/-d-o-/-dz-o-132

ard-e-n/-d-o-/-dz-o-133

ved-e-n/-d-o-/-jj-o-/- ddz-o-134

èx-e-n/èx-o-/èssî-o-135

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

aud-i-va/-voaudible

ard-e-va/-vo

ved-e-va/-vo

ex-i-va/-vo

aud-i-va-s

ard-e-va-s

ved-e-va-s

ex-i-va-s

aud-i-vaaudiva

ard-e-va

ved-e-va

ex-i-va

aud-i-va-moswe heard

ard-e-va-mos

ved-e-va-mos

ex-i-va-mos
we were going

aud-i-va-tesaudivates

ard-e-va-tes

ved-e-va-tes

ex-i-va-tes

aud-i-va-n

ard-e-va-n

ved-e-va-n

ex-i-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

aud-

-i/od-


ard-e-i

ved-e-i

ex-

-i/ex-


aud-i-steaudience

ard-e-ste

ved-e-ste

ex-i-ste

aud-i-u

ard-e-u

ved-e-u

ex-i-u

aud-i-mmos

ard-e-mmos

ved-e-mmos

ex-i-mmos

aud-i-stesaudiences

ard-e-stes

ved-e-stesyou are here

ex-i-stes

aud-i-ron

ard-e-ron

ved-e-ron

ex-i-ronex-iron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

aud-i-ra-o / -i /-d-r-

ard-e-ra-o / -i /-d-r-

ved-e-ra-o / -i /-d-r-

ex-i-ra-o / -i

aud-i-rà-s/-d-r-

ard-e-rà-s/-d-r-

ved-e-rà-s/-d-r-

ex-i-rà-s

aud-i-rà/-d-r-auditory

ard-e-rà/-d-r-

ved-e-rà/-d-r-

ex-i-rà

aud-i-re-mos/-d-r-we will hear

ard-e-re-mos/-d-r-
The provided source text appears to be a sequence of characters that does not form a coherent word or phrase in any recognizable language. Please provide a valid text for translation.

ved-e-re-mos/-d-r-we will see

ex-i-re-mos
we will exire

aud-i-re-tes/-d-r-

ard-e-re-tes/-d-r-

ved-e-re-tes/-d-r-

ex-i-re-tes

aud-i-rà-n/-d-r-

ard-e-rà-n/-d-r-

ved-e-rà-n/-d-r-

ex-i-rà-nex-I-ran

í í í í
The source text does not contain any translatable content.


131 La regularizzatione se tròpa en sardo (bessire): besso indicativo, bessa subjunctivo.
131 The regularization is found in Sardinian (bessire): besso indicative, bessa subjunctive.

132 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (AUDĬUNT) èst audzon.
The corresponding variant to Latin (AUDĬUNT) is audzon.

133 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (ARDENT) èst arden.
The corresponding variant in Latin (ARDENT) is arden.

134 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VIDENT) èst veden.
The corresponding variant to Latin (VIDENT) is seen.

135 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (EXEUNT) èst èssîon.
The corresponding variant to Latin (EXEUNT) is essence.


SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

aud-a / audz-

ard-a / ardz-

ved-a / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a / èssî-ex-a / essi-

aud-a-s / audz-

ard-a-s / ardz-

ved-a-s / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a-s / èssî-
ex-as / essi-

aud-a / audz-

ard-a / ardz-

ved-a / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a / èssî-ex-a / essi-

aud-a-mos / audz-

ard-a-mos / ardz-

ved-a-mos / vejj-/ veddz-
we see / we go / we come

ex-a-mos / essî-

aud-a-tes / audz-

ard-a-tes / ardz-

ved-a-tes / vejj- / veddz-

ex-a-tes / essî-

aud-a-n / audz-

ard-a-n / ardz-

ved-a-n / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a-n / èssî-
ex-an / essi-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

aud-i-sse/-ssoaudience

ard-e-sse/-sso

ved-e-sse/-sso

ex-i-sse/-sso

aud-i-sse-saudiences

ard-e-sse-s

ved-e-sse-s

ex-i-sse-s

aud-i-sseaudience

ard-e-sse

ved-e-sseto see

ex-i-sse

aud-

-sse-mos

ard-é-sse-mos
highly-esteemed

ved-é-sse-mos
we are seeing

ex-

-sse-mos

aud-

-sse-tes

ard-é-sse-tes
ard-e-sse-tes

ved-é-sse-tes
ved-és-se-tes

ex-

-sse-tes

aud-i-sse-naudience

ard-e-sse-n

ved-e-sse-nto see

ex-i-sse-nexistence

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

aud-i-ría/-río /-d-r-auditory

ard-e-ría/-río /-d-r-ardor /-d-

ved-e-ría/-río /-d-r-
would see / would see / -d-r-

ex-i-ría/-río
ex-I-would-be/-I-would-go

aud-i-ría-s/-d-r-auditory

ard-e-ría-s/-d-r-
arderia-s/-d-r-

ved-e-ría-s/-d-r-
you would see

ex-i-ría-s

aud-i-ría/-d-r-auditory

ard-e-ría/-d-r-ardoría

ved-e-ría/-d-r-would see

ex-i-ría

aud-i-ria-mos/-d-r-

ard-e-ria-mos/-d-r-

ved-e-ria-mos/-d-r-
we will see/-d-r-

ex-i-ria-mos

aud-i-ria-tes/-d-r-auditorias

ard-e-ria-tes/-d-r-

ved-e-ria-tes/-d-r-

ex-i-ria-tes

aud-i-ría-n/-d-r-auditory

ard-e-ría-n/-d-r-

ved-e-ría-n/-d-r-would see

ex-i-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

aud-i-reva/-o/-d-r-

ard-e-reva/-o/-d-r-

ved-e-reva/-o/-d-r-

ex-i-reva/-o

aud-i-reva-s/-d-r-

ard-e-reva-s/-d-r-
ard-e-reva-s/-dr-

ved-e-reva-s/-d-r-

ex-i-reva-s

aud-i-reva/-d-r-

ard-e-reva/-d-r-

ved-e-reva/-d-r-
see-and-dream/-dr-

ex-i-reva

aud-i-reva-mos/-d-r-

ard-e-reva-mos/-d-r-
ard-e-reva-mos/-dr-

ved-e-reva-mos/-d-r-

ex-i-reva-mos

aud-i-reva-tes/-d-r-

ard-e-reva-tes/-d-r-

ved-e-reva-tes/-d-r-

ex-i-reva-tes

aud-i-reva-n/-d-r-
audirevan/d-r

ard-e-reva-n/-d-r-

ved-e-reva-n/-d-r-

ex-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

aud-i

ard-e

ved-e

èx-iex-i

aud-a / audz-

ard-a / ardz-

ved-a / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a / èssî-ex-a / essi-

aud-a-mos / audz-

ard-a-mos / ardz-

ved-a-mos / vejj- /veddz-

ex-a-mos / essî-

aud-i-te

ard-e-te

ved-e-te

ex-i-te

aud-a-n / audz-

ard-a-n / ardz-

ved-a-n / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a-n / èssî-
ex-an / essi-

í í

í í


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


l(→llî) CVC(→CC)

l(→llî) CVC(→CC)

o→ò

l(→llî) CVC(→CC)

o→ò

l(→llî) CVC(→CC)

o→ò

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

val-e-reval-e-re

dol-e-redol-e-re

sol-e-resunshine

vol-e-revol-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

val-è-ndo

dol-è-ndodoling

sol-è-ndo

vol-è-ndoflying

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

val-è-ntevalent

dol-è-ntedolent

sol-è-ntesunny

vol-è-ntevolunteer

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

val-u-to

dol-u-to

sol-u-tosolution

vol-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

val-o / vallî-136

dòl-o / dòllî-doll / dolly

sòl-o / sòllî-
soul / soul-like

vòl-o / vòllî-fly / to fly

val-e-s

dòl-e-s

sòl-e-ssoul-e-s

vòl-e-s

val-e

dòl-edole

sòl-esoul

vòl-e

val-e-mos

dol-e-mosdoll-emos

sol-e-mos

vol-e-moswe will fly

val-e-tes

dol-e-tes

sol-e-tes

vol-e-tes

val-e-n/-l-o-/-llî-o-137

dòl-e-n/-l-o-/-llî-o-138

sòl-e-n/-l-o-/-llî-o-139
soul-en/-l-o-/-llî-o-139

vòl-e-n/-l-o-/-llî-o-140

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

val-e-va/-vo

dol-e-va/-vo

sol-e-va/-vo

vol-e-va/-vo

val-e-va-s

dol-e-va-s

sol-e-va-s

vol-e-va-s

val-e-va

dol-e-va

sol-e-va

vol-e-va

val-e-va-mos

dol-e-va-moswe are going

sol-e-va-mos
we will solve

vol-e-va-mos
we are flying

val-e-va-tes

dol-e-va-tesdoll-e-vates

sol-e-va-tes

vol-e-va-tes

val-e-va-n

dol-e-va-ndoll-e-va-n

sol-e-va-n

vol-e-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

val-e-i

dol-e-idoll-e-i

sol-e-isun-e-i

vol-e-i

val-e-ste

dol-e-ste

sol-e-stesun-is-este

vol-e-ste

val-e-u

dol-e-udole-u

sol-e-u

vol-e-u

val-e-mmos

dol-e-mmos

sol-e-mmos

vol-e-mmos

val-e-stes

dol-e-stes
doll is yours

sol-e-stes

vol-e-stesyou are

val-e-ron

dol-e-ron

sol-e-ron

vol-e-ron
they will fly

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

val-e-ra-o / -i /-l-r-

dol-e-ra-o / -i /-l-r-

sol-e-ra-o / -i /-l-r-

vol-e-ra-o / -i /-l-r-volerão

val-e-rà-s/-l-r-

dol-e-rà-s/-l-r-

sol-e-rà-s/-l-r-

vol-e-rà-s/-l-r-
will-you-go-/-to-the-

val-e-rà/-l-r-

dol-e-rà/-l-r-

sol-e-rà/-l-r-

vol-e-rà/-l-r-will be

val-e-re-mos/-l-r-We will see.

dol-e-re-mos/-l-r-

sol-e-re-mos/-l-r-

vol-e-re-mos/-l-r-we will fly

val-e-re-tes/-l-r-

dol-e-re-tes/-l-r-

sol-e-re-tes/-l-r-

vol-e-re-tes/-l-r-volunteers

val-e-rà-n/-l-r-

dol-e-rà-n/-l-r-

sol-e-rà-n/-l-r-

vol-e-rà-n/-l-r-
will be-/-the-

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

val-a / vallî-valley

dòl-a / dòllî-
dole / dolly-

sòl-a/ sòllî-
soul- / soul-

vòl-a / vòllî-fly / to fly

val-a-s / vallî-

dòl-a-s / dòllî-
dole-a-s / dolly-

sòl-a-s/ sòllî-
soul-ness/ soul-ly-

vòl-a-s / vòllî-

val-a / vallî-valley

dòl-a / dòllî-
dole / dolly-

sòl-a/ sòllî-
soul- / soul-

vòl-a / vòllî-fly / to fly

val-a-mos / vallî-

dol-a-mos / dollî-
doll-a-mos / dollî-

sol-a-mos/ sollî-
sol-a-mos/ shall we?

vol-a-mos / vollî-
we fly / to fly

val-a-tes / vallî-

dol-a-tes / dollî-
doll-like / doll

sol-a-tes/ sollî-

vol-a-tes / vollî-

val-a-n / vallî-

dòl-a-n / dòllî-
doll-a-n / dollî-

sòl-a-n/ sòllî-
soul-1/ soul-2

vòl-a-n / vòllî-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

val-e-sse/-sso

dol-e-sse/-sso

sol-e-sse/-sso

vol-e-sse/-ssovol-ess/-sso

val-e-sse-s

dol-e-sse-sdollesses

sol-e-sse-s

vol-e-sse-svol-ess-es

val-e-sse

dol-e-ssedoll-ess

sol-e-ssesunshine

vol-e-sse

val-é-sse-mos
val-ue-sse-mos

dol-é-sse-mos
we hurt each other

sol-é-sse-mossol-ess-emos

vol-é-sse-moswe fly

val-é-sse-tes
val-e-sse-tes

dol-é-sse-tesdoléssètes

sol-é-sse-tessolstices

vol-é-sse-tesvolesstes


136 Exèmplos de formas regulares en romance: de valere, vallîo / valo (Cas. ant. valo); de dolere, dòllîo / dòlo (Cas. duelo); de volere, vòllîo / vòlo (cf. Rum. vreau); de solere, sòllîo / sòlo (Cas. suelo); de salire, sallîo / salo (Cas. ant. salo); de venire, vènnîo / vèno (Rum. vin); de tenere, tènnîo / tèno (Rum. ţin); de remanere, remannîo / remano (Rum. rămân); de sapere, saccîo / sapo (Occ. sabi); de audire, audzo (Rum. ant. auz) / audo (Ita. òdo, Rum. aud); de sedere, sèjjo / sèdo (Ita. sièdo, Rum. sed); de vedere, vejjo (Ita. ant. veggio) / vedo (Ita. vedo, Rum. văd); de càpere, cappia / capa (Ita. ant. capa); de devere, debbio / devo (Cas. debo, Ita. dèvo). Cuesto affècta los presèntes de indicativo (1ª persona sg., 3ª pl.) et subjunctivo et lo imperativo (3ª sg., 1ª pl., 3ª pl.).
136 Examples of regular forms in Romance: de valere , vallîo / valo ( Cas. ant. valo ); of pain , pain / pain ( Cas. duel ); to want, I want / I want (cf. Rum. vreau ); of solere , sollîo / solo ( Cas. suelo ); of salire , sallîo / salo ( Cas. ant. salo ); to come , come / come ( Rum. vin ); to tender, tense / tense ( Rum. ţin ); of remanere , remanîo / remano ( Rum. rămân ); of knowledge , saccîo / sapo ( Occ. sabi ); to hear , audzo ( Rum. ant. auz ) / audo ( Ita. òdo , Rum. aud ); to sit , seat / silk ( Italian seat , Rum. sed ); to see , old ( Italian ant. veggio ) / vedo ( Italian vedo , Rum. văd ); of caper , cappia / layer ( Ita. ant. layer ); of duty , debbio / devo ( Cas. devo , Italy debt ). This affects the present indicative (1st person sg., 3rd pl.) and subjunctive and the imperative (3rd sg., 1st pl., 3rd pl.).

137 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VALENT) èst valen.
The corresponding variant in Latin (VALENT) is valen.

138 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (DOLENT) èst dòlen.
The corresponding variant in Latin (DOLENT) is dolen.

139 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (SOLENT) èst sòlen.
The corresponding variant to Latin (SOLENT) is solent.

140 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VOLUNT) èst vòlon.
The corresponding variant in Latin (VOLUNT) is volo.

val-e-sse-n

dol-e-sse-n

sol-e-sse-nsunshine

vol-e-sse-nvol-es-sen

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

val-e-ría/-río /-l-r-
valley/rio/-l-r-

dol-e-ría/-río /-l-r-
doloría/-río /-l-r-

sol-e-ría/-río /-l-r-

vol-e-ría/-río /-l-r-
would/will be /-l-r-

val-e-ría-s/-l-r-

dol-e-ría-s/-l-r-dolorías

sol-e-ría-s/-l-r-

vol-e-ría-s/-l-r-
would you like to/-the-

val-e-ría/-l-r-

dol-e-ría/-l-r-doloría

sol-e-ría/-l-r-

vol-e-ría/-l-r-
would-wouldn't

val-e-ria-mos/-l-r-

dol-e-ria-mos/-l-r-

sol-e-ria-mos/-l-r-

vol-e-ria-mos/-l-r-we will fly

val-e-ria-tes/-l-r-

dol-e-ria-tes/-l-r-

sol-e-ria-tes/-l-r-

vol-e-ria-tes/-l-r-volatility

val-e-ría-n/-l-r-

dol-e-ría-n/-l-r-dolorían

sol-e-ría-n/-l-r-

vol-e-ría-n/-l-r-
would be-/-the-

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

val-e-reva/-o/-l-r-

dol-e-reva/-o/-l-r-

sol-e-reva/-o/-l-r-

vol-e-reva/-o/-l-r-

val-e-reva-s/-l-r-

dol-e-reva-s/-l-r-
dole-reva-s/-l-r-

sol-e-reva-s/-l-r-

vol-e-reva-s/-l-r-

val-e-reva/-l-r-

dol-e-reva/-l-r-
dole-reva/-l-r-

sol-e-reva/-l-r-

vol-e-reva/-l-r-

val-e-reva-mos/-l-r-

dol-e-reva-mos/-l-r-

sol-e-reva-mos/-l-r-

vol-e-reva-mos/-l-r-we will fly

val-e-reva-tes/-l-r-

dol-e-reva-tes/-l-r-

sol-e-reva-tes/-l-r-

vol-e-reva-tes/-l-r-

val-e-reva-n/-l-r-

dol-e-reva-n/-l-r-
dole-revan/-l-r-

sol-e-reva-n/-l-r-

vol-e-reva-n/-l-r-

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

val-e

dòl-edole

sòl-esoul

vòl-e

val-a / vallî-valley

dòl-a / dòllî-
dole / dolly-

sòl-a/ sòllî-
soul- / soul-

vòl-a / vòllî-fly / to fly

val-a-mos / vallî-

dol-a-mos / dollî-
doll-a-mos / dollî-

sol-a-mos/ sollî-
sol-a-mos/ shall we?

vol-a-mos / vollî-
we fly / to fly

val-e-te

dol-e-te

sol-e-te

vol-e-te

val-a-n / vallî-

dòl-a-n / dòllî-
doll-a-n / dollî-

sòl-a-n/ sòllî-
soul-1/ soul-2

vòl-a-n / vòllî-


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


n(→nnî) CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî) CVC(→CC)

e→è

n(→nnî) CVC(→CC)

e→è

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

reman-e-rereman-e-re

ten-e-reten-e-re

ven-i-recome-come

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

reman-è-ndo

ten-è-ndo

ven-i-ndocoming

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

reman-è-nteremanent

ten-è-nte

ven-i-ntecoming

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

reman-u-to

ten-u-to

ven-i-tocome here

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

reman-o / remannî-

tèn-o / tènnî-
tend / to stretch

vèn-o / vènnî-
come / to come

reman-e-s

tèn-e-s

vèn-e-svenous

reman-e

tèn-e

vèn-e

reman-e-mos

ten-e-moswe have

ven-i-moscome on

reman-e-tes

ten-e-tes

ven-i-tescomes

reman-e-n/-n-o-/-nnî-o-

141

tèn-e-n/-n-o-/-nnî-o-142

vèn-e-n/-n-o-/-nnî-o-143

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

reman-e-va/-vo

ten-e-va/-vo

ven-i-va/-vocome here


141 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (REMANENT) èst remanen.
The corresponding variant to Latin (REMANENT) is remanen.

142 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (TENENT) èst tènen.
The corresponding variant to Latin (TENENT) is ténen.

143 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VENIUNT) èst vennîon.
The corresponding variant to Latin (VENIUNT) is vennîon.


í í


í í

reman-e-va-s

ten-e-va-s

ven-i-va-svenivas

reman-e-va

ten-e-va

ven-i-vacome here

reman-e-va-mos

ten-e-va-mos
let's-let's-let's go

ven-i-va-moswe come

reman-e-va-tes

ten-e-va-tes

ven-i-va-tescome-and-go

reman-e-va-n

ten-e-va-n

ven-i-va-n
come-come-come

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

reman-e-i

ten-e-i

ven-come-

-i/ven-


reman-e-ste

ten-e-ste

ven-i-stecome-ive

reman-e-u

ten-e-u

ven-i-ucome here

reman-e-mmos

ten-e-mmos

ven-i-mmoscome-to-us

reman-e-stes

ten-e-stes

ven-i-stesyou came

reman-e-ron

ten-e-ron

ven-i-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

reman-e-ra-o / -i /-n-r-

ten-e-ra-o / -i /-n-r-
ten-e-ra-o / -i /-nr-

ven-i-ra-o / -i /-n-r-
ven-i-ra-o / -i / -n-r-

reman-e-rà-s/-n-r-
reman-e-rà-s/-nr-

ten-e-rà-s/-n-r-

ven-i-rà-s/-n-r-
fri-i-rà-s/-nr-

reman-e-rà/-n-r-

ten-e-rà/-n-r-
ten-e-rà/-nr-

ven-i-rà/-n-r-
will come/-nr-

reman-e-re-mos/-n-r-
reman-e-re-mos/-nr-

ten-e-re-mos/-n-r-

ven-i-re-mos/-n-r-

reman-e-re-tes/-n-r-
reman-e-re-tes/-nr-

ten-e-re-tes/-n-r-

ven-i-re-tes/-n-r-

reman-e-rà-n/-n-r-
reman-e-rà-n/-nr-

ten-e-rà-n/-n-r-
ten-e-rà-n/-nr-

ven-i-rà-n/-n-r-
they will come

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

reman-a / remannî-

tèn-a / tènnî-

vèn-a / vènnî-
come / coming

reman-a-s / remannî-

tèn-a-s / tènnî-
tend / to hold

vèn-a-s / vènnî-
come / to come

reman-a / remannî-

tèn-a / tènnî-

vèn-a / vènnî-
come / coming

reman-a-mos / remannî-

ten-a-mos / tennî-

ven-a-mos / vennî-
come-we / to come-

reman-a-tes / remannî-

ten-a-tes / tennî-

ven-a-tes / vennî-
come / to come

reman-a-n / remannî-

tèn-a-n / tènnî-

vèn-a-n / vènnî-
come / to come

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

reman-e-sse/-ssoremanence

ten-e-sse/-sso

ven-i-sse/-ssocome-come

reman-e-sse-s

ten-e-sse-stennessee's

ven-i-sse-sven-iss-e-s

reman-e-sse

ten-e-sse

ven-i-ssecome to be

reman-é-sse-mosremanéssemos

ten-é-sse-moswe will have

ven-come-

-sse-mos

reman-é-sse-tesremanent

ten-é-sse-tes
ten-e-sse-tes

ven-come-

-sse-tes

reman-e-sse-n

ten-e-sse-n

ven-i-sse-ncome in

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

reman-e-ría/-río /-n-r-remanence

ten-e-ría/-río /-n-r-
ten-der /-r-iver /-n-oun-

ven-i-ría/-río /-n-r-

reman-e-ría-s/-n-r-remanence

ten-e-ría-s/-n-r-

ven-i-ría-s/-n-r-
you would come

reman-e-ría/-n-r-remanence

ten-e-ría/-n-r-

ven-i-ría/-n-r-

reman-e-ria-mos/-n-r-

ten-e-ria-mos/-n-r-

ven-i-ria-mos/-n-r-
we will come/they will come

reman-e-ria-tes/-n-r-

ten-e-ria-tes/-n-r-

ven-i-ria-tes/-n-r-
venereal disease

reman-e-ría-n/-n-r-remanence

ten-e-ría-n/-n-r-
ten-der-ia-n/-n-r-

ven-i-ría-n/-n-r-
they would come

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

reman-e-reva/-o/-n-r-

ten-e-reva/-o/-n-r-

ven-i-reva/-o/-n-r-
come-I-will/-you/-they-

reman-e-reva-s/-n-r-

ten-e-reva-s/-n-r-

ven-i-reva-s/-n-r-
come-1st.sg-impf-1st.sg-3rd.pl-

reman-e-reva/-n-r-

ten-e-reva/-n-r-

ven-i-reva/-n-r-
come-back/-n-r-

reman-e-reva-mos/-n-r-

ten-e-reva-mos/-n-r-

ven-i-reva-mos/-n-r-we will come

reman-e-reva-tes/-n-r-

ten-e-reva-tes/-n-r-

ven-i-reva-tes/-n-r-

reman-e-reva-n/-n-r-

ten-e-reva-n/-n-r-

ven-i-reva-n/-n-r-

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

reman-e

tèn-e

vèn-icome here

reman-a / remannî-

tèn-a / tènnî-

vèn-a / vènnî-
come / coming

reman-a-mos / remannî-

ten-a-mos / tennî-

ven-a-mos / vennî-
come-we / to come-

reman-e-te

ten-e-te

ven-i-tecome here

reman-a

-n / remannî-

t

èn-aen-a

-n / tènnî-
-n / to have -

v

èn-aen-a

-n / vènnî-
-n / to come-


5. 6. VÈRBOS IRREGULARES
5. 6. IRREGULAR VERBS

En neolatino hi ha 10 vèrbos pròpriamente irregulares. Non obstante, las irregularitates de 3 de ellos (dícere, fàcere et potere) son evitàbiles.
In Neo-Latin, there are 10 properly irregular verbs. However, the irregularities of 3 of them (dícere, fàcere, and potere) are avoidable.

-que ha uno presènte irregulare- aut andare, los doos defectivos altrosí144. De los tres, lo vèrbo vàdere èst lo plus usato en romance; donque, en neolatino èst fòrse plus comprehensíbile completare la soa conjugatione con formas latinas aut analògicas (formatas imitando altros vèrbos).
-which has an irregular present- or to go, the two defective likewise144. Of the three, the verb to see is the most used in Romance; therefore, in Neo-Latin it is perhaps more comprehensible to complete its conjugation with Latin or analogous forms (formed by imitating other verbs).


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs



irr.irr.



irr.


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

est-a-reis-to-be

d-a-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

est-a-ndois-being

d-a-ndo


144 Con lo sènso de ‘camminare’, lo vèrbo andare non èst defectivo.
144 With the sense of 'walking', the verb andare is not defective.

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

est-a-nte

d-a-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

est-a-tois this

d-a-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

est-a-o145

d-a-o

est-à-sis it to be

d-a-s

est-àis it

d-à


est-a-moswe are

d-a-mos

est-a-tesis-it-you

d-a-tes

est-àis-at

-n

d-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

est-a-va/-vo
is-it-was/-were

d-a-va/-vo

est-a-va-s

d-a-va-sda-go-s

est-a-vais-is-going

d-a-vada-va

est-a-va-mos
we were going

d-a-va-mosda-va-mos

est-a-va-tes

d-a-va-tesgo-go

est-a-va-nis-a-go-n

d-a-va-nda-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

est-a-iis-a-i

d-a-i

est-a-ste

d-a-ste

est-a-uis at

d-a-u

est-a-mmosis-a-mmos

d-a-mmos

est-a-stesis-a-stes

d-a-stes

est-a-ron

d-a-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

est-a-ra-o / -i

d-a-ra-o / -ida-ra-o / -i

est-a-rà-sis-a-r-s

d-a-rà-sda-rà-s

est-a-ràwill be

d-a-ràda-ra

est-a-re-mosis-a-re-mos

d-a-re-mos

est-a-re-tes
is-it-will-be

d-a-re-tes

est-a-rà-nis-a-rà-n

d-a-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

est-East-

éIt is

d-

éIt is

est-East-

é-s

d-

e-sis

est-East-

éIt is

d-

éIt is

est-East-

e-mos

d-e-mosgive us

est-East-

e-tese-you

d-e-tesof your

est-East-

é-nis-n

d-e-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

est-a-sse/-sso
is-a-sse/-sso

d-

e-sse/-sso

est-a-sse-sis-a-sse-s

d-

e-sse-s

est-a-sseis-a-sse

d-

e-ssethey

est-à-sse-mos
is-at-sse-mos

d-

é-sse-mose-se-mos


145 Lo latino haveva STO, STAS, STAT, STAMUS, STATIS, STANT. En la prima persona lo radicale mancava la vocale temàtica A, presènte en las altras personas. En latino vulgare se extendeu la vocale temàtica ad la prima persona por regularizzare-la, creando la forma STAO. Cuesta forma non està documentata, mais deveu exsistere per que explica la variatione romànica: Deveu evolvere ad estao, pronuntiata posterioremente estau (cf. occitano estau, lo rumèno stau), pòs estou (cf. portughese estou) et pòs estò (cf. lo italiano sto, que non continua dirèctamente la forma latina). En neolatino, sería possíbile pronuntiare [estaw], mais èst conveniènte escrivere estao por conservare lo morfèma /o/ que marca la prima persona en lo presènte de indicativo (canto, como, vendo, uno).
The Latin had STO, STAS, STAT, STAMUS, STATIS, STANT. In the first person, the radical lacked the thematic vowel A, present in the other persons. In vulgar Latin, the thematic vowel extended to the first person to regularize it, creating the form STAO. This form is not documented, but it must have existed because it explains the Romance variation: It must have evolved to estao, later pronounced estau (cf. Occitan estau, Romanian stau), then estou (cf. Portuguese estou) and then estò (cf. Italian sto, which does not directly continue the Latin form). In Neo-Latin, it would be possible to pronounce [estaw], but it is convenient to write estao to preserve the morpheme /o/ that marks the first person in the present indicative (canto, como, vendo, uno).

est-à-sse-tesis it you

d-é-sse-tes
d-e-s-s-e-t-e-s

est-a-sse-nis-it-be-are

d-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

est-a-ría/-río
estuary/river

d-a-ría/-río

est-a-ría-swould be

d-a-ría-s

est-a-ríawould be

d-a-ría

est-a-ria-moswe will be

d-a-ria-mos

est-a-ria-tes

d-a-ria-tes

est-a-ría-nwould be

d-a-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

est-a-reva/-ois-a-reva/-o

d-a-reva/-o

est-a-reva-s

d-a-reva-s

est-a-reva

d-a-reva

est-a-reva-mos
we will be dreaming

d-a-reva-mos

est-a-reva-tes
is-a-reva-tes

d-a-reva-tes

est-a-reva-n

d-a-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

est-àis it

d-a

est-éis it

d-é


est-e-moswe are

d-e

-mos

est-a-te

d-a-te

est-é-nis it a

d-e-n


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


irr. ce→cîa

ce→cîa(/ca) í→i

irr. ce→cîa

ce→cîa(/ccîa) ce→cîa(/ca)

à→aa→a

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

d

c-e-re

fàc-e-redo

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

d

c-è-ndo

fac-è-ndodoing

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.

d

c-è-nte

fac-è-ntefacente

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

di-u-to / dicto 146

facî-u-to / facto

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

d

cî-o / di
location / in

c-147

facîtragedy

-o /-ccî-o148 / fac-

d

c-e-s

fac-e-s

í i iin ii


i i


146 Lo participio irregulare traditionale dicto èst preferíbile (Por dito, Cas dicho, Cat, Fra dit, Ita detto). La forma regularizzata dicîuto èst rara en romance.
‌146 The traditional irregular participle dicto is preferable (Por dito, Cas dicho, Cat, Fra dit, Ita dice). The regularized form said is rare in romance.

147 Lo paradigma traditionale, con formas irregulares como dico, èst preferíbile en cuesto frequènte vèrbo (Por, Cas digo, Cat dic, Ita dico, Rum zic). Lo paradigma regularizzato, con formas como dicîo, èst raro en romance (cf. Occ disi, Fra dis). Ved. la alteratione ce→cîa(/ca).
147 The traditional paradigm, with irregular forms such as dico , is preferable in this frequent verb ( Por, Cas digo , Cat dic , Ita dico , Rum zic ). The regularized paradigm, with forms such as dicîo , is rare in Romance (cf. Occ disi , Fra dis ). Ved. the alteration ce→cîa(/ca).

148 En latino, FACĔRE, como qualques vèrbos de la conjugatione 2ªII, presentava una -Ĭ- (FACĬO), que ha geminato en romance.
148 In Latin, FACĔRE, like any verb of the 2nd II conjugation, had a -Ĭ- (FACĬO), which geminated in romance.

i í í ii i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i

d

c-e

fabut

c-e

d

c-e-mosce-mos

c-e-mos

d

c-e-tes

to do

c-e-tesce-tes

d

c-e-n/--o-/-c-o-
cen/-cî-o-/-co-

fabut

c-e-n/--o-/-ccî-o-/-c-o-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

d

c-e-va/-vo

fabut

c-e-va/-vo

d

c-e-va-s

fabut

c-e-va-s

d

c-e-va

fabut

c-e-va

d

c-e-va-moswe are going

fabut

c-e-va-moswe are going

d

c-e-va-tes

fabut

c-e-va-tes

d

c-e-va-n

fabut

c-e-va-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

d

c-e-i

fabut

c-e-i

d

c-e-ste

fabut

c-e-ste

d

c-e-u

fabut

c-e-u

d

c-e-mmos

fabut

c-e-mmos

d

c-e-stes

fabut

c-e-stes

d

c-e-ron

fabut

c-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

d

-r

a-o / -i

fabut

-r

a-o / -i

d

-r

à-sto-s

fabut

-r

à-sto-s

d

-r

àto

fabut

-r

àto

d

-r

e-mos

fabut

-r

e-mos

d

-r

e-tese-you

fabut

-r

e-tese-you

d

-r

à-nto-n

fabut

-r

à-nto-n

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

d

cî-a/-c-

fabut

cî-a/-ccî- /-c-

d

cî-a-s/-c-

fabut

cî-a-s/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a/-c-

fabut

cî-a/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a-mos/-c-

fabut

cî-a-mos/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a-tes/-c-

fabut

cî-a-tes/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a-n/-c-

fabut

cî-a-n/-ccî-/-c-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

d

c-e-sse/-sso

fabut

c-e-sse/-sso

d

c-e-sse-s

fabut

c-e-sse-s

d

c-e-sse

fabut

c-e-sse

d

c-é-sse-mos

fabut

c-é-sse-mos

d

c-é-sse-tes

fabut

c-é-sse-tes

d

c-e-sse-n

fabut

c-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

d

-r

ía/-río-ia/-river

fabut

-r

ía/-río-ia/-river

d

-r

ía-s

fabut

-r

ía-s

d

-r

ía

fabut

-r

ía

d

-r

ia-mos

fabut

-r

ia-mos

d

-r

ia-tes

fabut

-r

ia-tes

d

-r

ía-n

fabut

-r

ía-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

d

-r

eva/-o

fabut

-r

eva/-o

d

-r

eva-s

fabut

-r

eva-s

d

-r

eva

fabut

-r

eva

d

-r

eva-mos

fabut

-r

eva-mos

d

-r

eva-tes

fabut

-r

eva-tes

d

-r

eva-n

fa-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

d

c-e

fac-eface

d

cî-a/-c-

facîtragedy

-a/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a-mos/-c-

facîtragedy

-a-mos/-ccî-/-c-

d

c-e-te

c-e-te

d

cî-a-n/-c-

fabut

place

-a-n/-ccî-/-c-

i


i i i í i

´
Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.

Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


irr.

CVC(→CC)

o→ò

irr.

CVC(→CC)

irr.

CVC(→CC)

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

pot-e-re

hav-e-rehave-re

sap-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIO

GERUNDIOGERUND

pot-è-ndocan-is-ndo

hav-è-ndo

sap-è-ndosipping

PARTICIP. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

pot-è-ntepotent

hav-è-ntehaven't

sap-è-ntesapient

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

pot-u-topotato

hav-u-tohave you to

sap-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

pòt-o/pòss-149
door-o/poss-149

habbi-o / hajj-o / h


o / hai 150o/hi 150

sappi-o / saccî-o / sao / sai
know-it / know-it / know / know

pòt-e-sdoor-s

hav-e-s / has 151

sap-e-s

pòt-e/-ss-door-e/-ss-

hav-e / hahave / has

sap-e

pot-e-mos

hav-e-mos / hemos
have-mos / we have

sap-e-mos

pot-e-tes

hav-e-tes / hetes
hav-e-tes / weeks

sap-e-tes

pòt-e-n/-o-/-ss-
door-en/-o-/-ss-

hav-e-n/-o- / han 152
hav-en/-o- / he 152

sap-e-n/-o-/-ppi-o-/-ccî-o-153
sap-en/-o-/-ppi-o-/-ccî-o-153

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

pot-e-va/-vocan-e-va/-vo

hav-e-va/-vo

sap-e-va/-vo

pot-e-va-scan-e-will-s

hav-e-va-shave-e-va-s

sap-e-va-sknow-and-go

pot-e-vacan-e-will

hav-e-vahave-e-va

sap-e-vaknow-and-go

pot-e-va-moscan-e-va-mos

hav-e-va-mos
hav-e-va-moss

sap-e-va-mos

pot-e-va-tescan-e-va-tes

hav-e-va-tes

sap-e-va-tesknow and go

pot-e-va-ncan-e-va-n

hav-e-va-nhave-e-va-n

sap-e-va-n
knows-and-goes

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

a


149 La variante traditionale con –ss- se consèrva en Por, Ita posso, Fra peux. La variante regularizzata con -t- està presènte en Cas puedo, Rum pot.
The traditional variant with –ss- is preserved in Por, Ita posso, Fra peux. The regularized variant with -t- is present in Cas puedo, Rum pot.

150 Las quattro formas neolatinas englòban las variantes romànicas: 1 habbio (Sardo appo), 2 hajjo (Cat haig, Ita aggio), 3 hai (Por hei, Cas, Cat he, Fra ai) et 4 hao (Ita ho). Derivan de passos successivos en la evolutione dès lo latino et, donque, permetten comprehendere la relatione evolutiva entre las variantes romànicas: Lat habeo > 1 ['abjo] > 2 ['ajjo] > 3 [aj] aut 4 ['ao] (Lausberg 1966: 333). En neolatino, la variante plus conveniènte èst, fòrse, hao. Non obstante, convène conoscere las quattro variantes, que han repercussione sopre altras formas verbales: lo subjunctivo (habbia/hajja) et lo futuro (haverao/haverai ).
150 The four Neolatin forms include the Romance variants: 1 habbio ( Sardinian appo ), 2 hajjo ( Cat haig , Ita aggio ), 3 hai ( Por hei , Cas, Cat he , Fra ai ) and 4 hao ( Ita ho ). They derive from successive steps in the evolution from Latin and, therefore, allow to understand the evolutionary relationship between the Romance variants: Lat habeo > 1 ['abjo] > 2 ['ajjo] > 3 [aj] aut 4 ['ao] ( Lausberg 1966: 333). In Neo-Latin, the most convenient variant is, perhaps, hao. However, it is worth knowing the four variants, which have repercussions on other verbal forms: the subjunctive ( habbia/hajja ) and the future ( haverao/haverai ).

151 Lo presènte de havere ha uno paradigma plus brève, que surge analògicamente pòs la caduta de -b- en la persona 1 (ved. la nota anteriore). En romance, son plus frequèntes en las personas con accentuatione sopre lo radicale en la variante lònga (1 hao/hai, 2 has, 3 ha, 6 han) et menos en las altras (4 hemos, 5 hetes).
The present of "have" has a shorter paradigm, which arises analogously after the fall of -b in the 1st person (see the previous note). In Romance languages, they are more frequent in the persons with stress on the radical in the long variant (1 have/have, 2 has, 3 has, 6 have) and less in the others (4 we have, 5 you have).

152 En latino, HABENT.
152 In Latin, THEY HAVE.

153 En latino, SAPIUNT.
In Latin, SAPIUNT.

pot-e-i

hav-e-ihave I

sap-e-i

pot-e-ste

hav-e-stehave stayed

sap-e-ste

pot-e-u

hav-e-uhave you

sap-e-u

pot-e-mmos

hav-e-mmoshave-mmos

sap-e-mmos

pot-e-stes

hav-e-steshave-stays

sap-e-stes

pot-e-ron

hav-e-ronhaveron

sap-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

pot-e-ra-o / -i /-t-r-

hav-e-ra-o / -i /-v-r-
have-come / -I / -v-r-

sap-e-ra-o / -i /-p-r-

pot-e-rà-s/-t-r-
pot-erà-s/-t-r-

hav-e-rà-s/-v-r-
have-rà-s/-v-r-

sap-e-rà-s/-p-r-

pot-e-rà/-t-r-
will be able to

hav-e-rà/-v-r-
have-rà/-v-r-

sap-e-rà/-p-r-

pot-e-re-mos/-t-r-
we will be able to

hav-e-re-mos/-v-r-We have.

sap-e-re-mos/-p-r-
We are saplings.

pot-e-re-tes/-t-r-

hav-e-re-tes/-v-r-
have-ret-es/-v-r-

sap-e-re-tes/-p-r-

pot-e-rà-n/-t-r-
will be able to

hav-e-rà-n/-v-r-have run

sap-e-rà-n/-p-r-
sap-e-rà-n/-pr-

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

pòt-a/-ss-door-to/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a / hajj--hajj-

sa

ppi

-a / saccî-

pòt-a-s/-ss-door-as/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a-s / hajj-

sa

ppi

-a-s / saccî-

pòt-a/-ss-door-to/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a / hajj--hajj-

saon

ppi

-a / saccî-

pot-a-mos/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a-mos / hajj-

sa

ppi

-a-mos / saccî-

pot-a-tes/-ss-potatoes

ha

bbi

-a-tes / hajj--hajj-

saon

ppi

-a-tes / saccî-

pòt-a-n/-ss-
door-to-n/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a-n / hajj--hajj-

sa

ppi

-a-n / saccî-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

pot-e-sse/-sso

hav-e-sse/-sso

sap-e-sse/-sso

pot-e-sse-scan-e-sse-s

hav-e-sse-shave-sse-s

sap-e-sse-s

pot-e-ssecan-e-sse

hav-e-ssehave-e-sse

sap-e-sse

pot-é-sse-moswe can be

hav-é-sse-mos

sap-é-sse-mos

pot-é-sse-tes

hav-é-sse-tes
have you been

sap-é-sse-tes

pot-e-sse-ncan-e-sse-n

hav-e-sse-nhave-e-sse-n

sap-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

pot-e-ría/-río /-t-r-
pot-e-ría/-river /-tr-

hav-e-ría/-río /-v-r-
ha-e-ría/-río /-vr-

sap-e-ría/-río /-p-r-
sap-e-ría/-rio /-pr-

pot-e-ría-s/-t-r-
pot-e-ría-s/-tr-

hav-e-ría-s/-v-r-
hav-e-ría-s/-vr-

sap-e-ría-s/-p-r-
sap-e-ría-s/-pr-

pot-e-ría/-t-r-
pot-e-ría/-tr-

hav-e-ría/-v-r-
hav-e-ría/-vr-

sap-e-ría/-p-r-
sap-e-ría/-pr-

pot-e-ria-mos/-t-r-

hav-e-ria-mos/-v-r-
hav-e-ria-mos/-vr-

sap-e-ria-mos/-p-r-
sap-e-ria-mos/-pr-

pot-e-ria-tes/-t-r-potatoes

hav-e-ria-tes/-v-r-
haveriates/vr

sap-e-ria-tes/-p-r-

pot-e-ría-n/-t-r-
could-would-should

hav-e-ría-n/-v-r-
would have been

sap-e-ría-n/-p-r-

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

pot-e-reva/-o/-t-r-

hav-e-reva/-o/-v-r-
have-reveal/-o/-v-r-

sap-e-reva/-o/-p-r-

pot-e-reva-s/-t-r-

hav-e-reva-s/-v-r-
have-reveal-s/-v-r-

sap-e-reva-s/-p-r-

pot-e-reva/-t-r-

hav-e-reva/-v-r-
have-reveal/-v-r-

sap-e-reva/-p-r-

pot-e-reva-mos/-t-r-

hav-e-reva-mos/-v-r-
have-rev-amos/-v-r-

sap-e-reva-mos/-p-r-

pot-e-reva-tes/-t-r-

hav-e-reva-tes/-v-r-
have-rev-at-es/-v-r-

sap-e-reva-tes/-p-r-

pot-e-reva-n/-t-r-

hav-e-reva-n/-v-r-
have-reven/-v-r-

sap-e-reva-n/-p-r-

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

pòt-edoor

hav-ehave

sap-e

pòt-a/-ss-door-to/-ss-

habbi-a / hajj-hajj-

sappi-a / saccî-

pot-a-mos/-ss-

habbi-a-mos / hajj-hajj

sappi-a-mos / saccî-

pot-e-te

hav-e-tehave you

sap-e-te

pòt-a-n/-ss-
door-to-n/-ss-

habbi-a-n / hajj-hajj-

sappi-a-n / saccî-


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


irr.irr.


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

èss-e-re, s-e-reto be, to be

GERUNDIOGERUND

ess-è-ndo, s-è-ndobeing, being

PARTICIP. PRES.

ess-è-nte, s-è-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

ess-u-to, s-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

so


ès,and,

sès 15

4


èst,est,


som

os,

sèmos



èstethis

s, sètes



son

, sèn


PASS. IMPERF.


èr-er-

a/-o



èr-er-

a-s


èr-er-

a


er-

a-mosa-wash


er-

a-tes


èr-er-

a-n

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.


fu-i



fo-

ste/fu-you/fu-


fo-

u/fu


fo-

mmos/fu-


fo-

stes/fu-


fo-r

on/fu-

FUTUROFUTURE

s-e-ra-o / -ise-ra-o / -i

s-e-rà-s

s-e-rà

s-e-re-mos

s-e-re-tesse-re-te

s-e-rà-nse-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVOSUBJUNCTIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT


sè-if-

a/-

a


sè-

a-s/-a-sas/yes-as


sè-

a/-aAsia


se-with-

a-mos/si-a-mos
a-mos/yes-a-mos


se-with-

a-tes/si-a-tes


sè-if-

a-n/-a-nan/yes-an

PASS. IMPERF.


fo-

sse/-sso


fo-

sse-s


fo-

sse


154 En lo presènte de èssere, lo paradigma regularizzato (2 sès, 3 sè, 4 sèmos, 5 sètes, 6 sèn) èst minoritario en romance (Ita 2 sei, Ita antico 4 sémo, 5 sète).
154 In the present tense of being, the regularized paradigm (2 ses, 3 se, 4 semes, 5 sets, 6 seven) is minority in Romance (Ita 2 sei, Ita antico 4 sémo, 5 seven).


fó-sub-

sse-mos


fó-sub-

sse-tes


fo-

sse-n

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

s-e-ría/-río
would be/will be

s-e-ría-ss-e-r-i-e-s

s-e-rías-e-r-i-a

s-e-ria-mos

s-e-ria-tes

s-e-ría-ns-e-r-i-a-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

s-e-reva/-o

s-e-reva-s

s-e-reva

s-e-reva-mos

s-e-reva-tes

s-e-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

s-é

-a/-a

se-a-mos/si-a-mos
we will be/if we will be

s-e-te

-a-n/-a-n


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular models of the conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


irr. et defectivo
irregular and defective

irr. (et defectivo)
irr. (and defective)

defectivo CVC(→CC)
defective CVC(→CC)


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE


i-re Por, Cas, Ita 155

vàd-e-re Lat 156
and-e-re Lat 156

and-a-re Cat, Ita 157


GERUNDIOGERUND


i-ndo Por, Cas
i-ndo For, Cas

vad-è-ndo Latgoing Lat

and-a-ndo Cat, Ita


PARTICIP. PRES.


i-nte Cas

vad-è-nte Lat

and-a-nte Ita


PARTICIP. PASS.


i-to Por, Cas, Ita

vad-u-to

and-a-to Cat, Ita


INDICATIVOINDICATIVE



PRESÈNTEPRESENT



155 Lo vèrbo ire èst devenuto defectivo en romance (per causa de la soa brevetate) et besonnîa essere completato con formas de los sinònimos vàdere aut andare, los doos defectivos altrosí. Se índican en superíndice las lenguas que usan la radice en questione.
155 The verb ire has become defective in Romance (because of its brevity) and needs to be completed with forms of the synonyms vadere aut andare , the two defective otherwise. The languages ​​that use the root in question are indicated in superscript.

156 De los vèrbos ire, vàdere et andare, por lo sènso de ‘ire’ lo plus usato en romance èst vàdere: por., cas., cat., fra., ita. et rum., en divèrsas proportiones. Donque, en neolatino èst fòrse plus comprehensíbile non completare la soa conjugatione con ire aut andare mais restaurare-la con formas latinas aut analògicas. Las formas que Vía Neolatina ha recuperato de lo latino han una marca en superíndice: Lat. Las formas analògicas (formatas imitando altros vèrbos) son marcatas con létteras cursivas aut itàlicas (son formas propòstas per Vía Neolatina et non encontratas né en romance né en latino).
156 Of the verbs ire, vàdere and andare , for the sense of 'ire' the most used in Romance is vàdere : por., cas., cat., fra., ita. et rum., in various proportions. Therefore, in Neo-Latin it is much more comprehensible not to complete its conjugation with ire aut andare but to restore it with analogous Latin forms. The forms that Vía Neolatina has recovered from Latin have a superscript mark: Lat The analogous forms (formatted imitating other verbs) are marked with italicized italic letters (they are forms proposed by Vía Neolatina and not found either in Romance or Latin).

157 Cui con lo sènso de ‘ire, vàdere’. Por lo sènso de ‘camminare’, ved. andare.
157 With the sense of 'to go, to see'. For the sense of 'to walk', see: to go.


i-mos Por, Ita
i-mos For, Ita

i-tes Por, Ita
i-tes For, Ita


i-va/-vo Por, Cas
i-va/-vo For, Case

i-va-s Por, Cas
i-va-s For, Cas

i-va Por, Cas, Ita
I go for, Case, Italy

i-va-mos Por, Cas
We are going for, Cas

i-va-tes Por, Cas
i-va-tes For, Cas

i-va-n Por, Cas, Ita


í-i ItaI am Ita

i-ste Ita


i-mmos Ita

i-stes Ita


i-ra-o / -i Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-ra-o / -i For, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-rà-s Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-rà-s For, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-rà Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-re-mos Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-re-mos For, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-re-tes Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-rà-n Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
Iran, Spain, Catalonia, France


i-ría/-río Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-ría/-río For, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ría-s Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-ría-s For, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ría Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-ría For, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ria-mos Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-ria-mos For, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ria-tes Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-ria-tes For, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ría-n Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-ría-n By, Cas, Cat, Fra


i-reva/-o Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva/-o For, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-o, vao Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita
go, see Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita

vas Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita va Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita, Rum vamos Por, Cas, Cat vates Cas, Cat
You go through, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita you go through, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita, Rum we go through, Cas, Cat seers Cas, Cat

van Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita
From Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita

PASS. IMPERF.

vad-e-va/-vo Lat vad-e-va-s Lat vad-e-va Lat

vad-e-va-mos Lat vad-e-va-tes Lat vad-e-va-n Lat

PASS. REMOTOREMOTE PASS.

vad-e-i vad-e-ste vad-e-u

vad-e-mmos vad-e-stes vad-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

vad-e-ra-o / -i vad-e-rà-s

vad-e-rà

vad-e-re-mos vad-e-re-tes vad-e-rà-n
we will go you will go they will go

SUBJUNCTIVO PRESÈNTE
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

vad-a Por, Cas, Cat, Ita vad-a-s Por, Cas, Cat, Ita vad-a Por, Cas, Cat, Ita vad-a-mos Por, Cas vad-a-tes Por, Cas vad-a-n Por, Cas, Cat, Ita
what-a Por, Cas, Cat, Ita what-as Por, Cas, Cat, Ita what-a Por, Cas, Cat, Ita what-a-mos Por, Cas what-a-tes Por, Cas what-an Por , Cas, Cat, Ita

PASS. IMPERF.

vad-e-sse/-sso vad-e-sse-s vad-e-sse

vad-é-sse-mos vad-é-sse-tes vad-e-sse-n
we will be, you (plural) will be, they will be

CONDITIONALE PRESÈNTE I
PRESENT CONDITIONAL I

vad-e-ría/-río vad-e-ría-s vad-e-ría

vad-e-ria-mos vad-e-ria-tes vad-e-ría-n
we would see you would see they would see

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

vad-e-reva/-o

158


and-a-mos Cat, Ita

and-a-tes Cat, Ita


and-a-va/-vo Cat, Ita and-a-va-s Cat, Ita and-a-va Cat, Ita

and-a-va-mos Cat, Ita and-a-va-tes Cat, Ita and-a-va-n Cat, Ita
and we go Cat, Ita and you go Cat, Ita and he goes Cat, Ita


and-a-i Cat, Ita and-a-ste Cat, Ita and-a-u Cat, Ita

and-a-mmos Cat, Ita and-a-stes Cat, Ita and-a-ron Cat, Ita


and-a-ra-o / -i /-d-r- Cat, Ita

and-a-rà-s /-d-r- Cat, Ita

and-a-rà /-d-r- Cat, Ita

and-a-re-mos /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-re-tes /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-rà-n /-d-r- Cat, Ita


and-e-mos Cat, Ita

and-e-tes Cat, Ita


and-a-sse/-sso Cat, Ita and-a-sse-s Cat, Ita and-a-sse Cat, Ita

and-à-sse-mos Cat, Ita and-à-sse-tes Cat, Ita and-a-sse-n Cat, Ita
and-to-be Cat, Ita and-to-be-you Cat, Ita and-to-be-he Cat, Ita


and-a-ría/-río /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-ría-s /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-ría /-d-r- Cat, Ita

and-a-ria-mos /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-ria-tes /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-ría-n /-d-r- Cat, Ita


and-a-reva/-o /-d-r- Cat, Ita


158 Con lo sènso de ‘camminare’, lo vèrbo andare non èst defectivo, mais con lo sènso de ‘ire, vàdere’, sí.
158 With the sense of 'to walk', the verb andare is not defective, but with the sense of 'to go, to see', it is.

i-reva-s Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva-s For, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-reva-s

and-a-reva-s /-d-r- Cat, Ita

i-reva Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva For, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-reva

and-a-reva /-d-r- Cat, Ita

i-reva-mos Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva-mos For, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-reva-mos

and-a-reva-mos /-d-r- Cat, Ita

i-reva-tes Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva-tes For, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-reva-tes

and-a-reva-tes /-d-r- Cat, Ita

i-reva-n Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva-n For, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-reva-n

and-a-reva-n /-d-r- Cat, Ita


IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE


-

-

-


vad-e Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita, Rum



vad-a

Por, Cas, Cat, Ita
For, Cas, Cat, Ita



vad-a

-mos Por, Cas
-mos For, Cas

and-e-mos Cat, Ita

i-te Por, Cas, Ita

vàd-e-te Rumand the Rum

and-a-te Cat, Ita


vad-a-n Por, Cas, Cat, Ita
vad-a-n For, Cas, Cat, Ita


ÍndiceIndex

6. LÈXICO INVARIÀBILE
6. INVARIABLE LEXICON

6. 1. CONJUNCTIONES
6. 1. CONJUNCTIONS

Las principales conjunctiones et locutiones conjunctivas neolatinas son:
The main conjunctions and conjunctive phrases in Neo-Latin are:

como, donque, et, ja que, mais, né, non obstante, aut, per tanto, però, per que, pòs que, quando, que, si, si bène, sinón.
like, therefore, and, since, but, neither, not withstanding, or, therefore, however, because, since, when, that, if, although, otherwise.


6. 2. PREPOSITIONES
6. 2. PREPOSITIONS

Las principales prepositiones et locutiones prepositivas neolatinas son:
The main prepositions and prepositional phrases in Neo-Latin are:

a/ad, ante, basso, con, còntra, da, de/d’, denante a, depòs, dès, derètro, davante a/ad, en, entre, fine a/ad, per, per a/ad, por, secondo, sene, sobto, sopra, sopre, vèrso.
a/ad, before, low, with, against, from, of, in front of, after, of, behind, in front of, in, between, end of, for, for, by, according to, without, suddenly, above, over, towards.


6. 2. 1. PREPOSITIONES DE LÒCO
6. 2. 1. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE


Sene movimènto
Sene movement

Con movimènto
With movement

Forma bàsicaBasic form

Derivatos con
Derivatives with

de-

Derivatos altros
Other derivatives

Forma bàsicaBasic form

Derivatos con
Derivatives with

ad-

Derivatos altros
Other derivatives

ante p,csbefore p,cs

inno.deante (de)
inno.deante (en)

denante (de/ad)
denante (of/from)

p,cs,i,

davante (de/ad) ct,f,i
davante (of/to) ct,f,i


inno.adante

enante i,r, avante ct,f,i
forward i,r, forward ct,f,i

rètro ctretro ct

derètro (de) ct,f,i
behind (of) ct,f,i



arrètro ct,f

enderètro

entro rwithin r

dentro (de) p,cs,ct,i
inside (of) p,cs,ct,i



inno. adentroinno. inside

addentroinside

fòra p,cs,ct,f,i
for p,cs,ct,f,i

defòra (de) f
defora (of) f



affòra cs,ct,r


sopre p,cs,ct,f

[contacto] f[contact] f

inno. dessopre (de)
inno. dessopre (of)

[contacto][contact]



inno. assopre

[ad contacto][contact us]


inno. altoinno. high

dealto (de) ct

enalto cs,f,i
The source text appears to be a code or abbreviation that does not have a direct translation. Please provide a complete sentence or context for accurate translation.

suso i

inno. adalto


sobto f

[contacto] f[contact] f

dessobto (de) f,i,r
dessobto (of) f,i,r

[contacto][contact]



inno. assobto

[ad contacto][contact us]


basso cs

debasso (de) p,cs

enbasso f,i

joso i

abbasso p,cs,f
down with p,cs,f


inno. fronteinno. front

defronte (de) p,i
defront (of) p,i

enfronte p,cs,ct
confront p,cs,ct


inno. affronteinno. face


inno. tòrnoinno. return

inno. detòrno (de)
inno. return (of)

entòrno (de) i,
environment (of) and,

attòrno (de) f,i
around (of) f,i


inno. attòrnoinno. around


inno. lato,inno. side,

inno. costato

inno. delato (de),
inno. delato (of)

inno. decostato (de)

ad (lo) lato p,cs,r, ad (lo) costato ct,f
at (the) side p,cs,r, at (the) cost ct,f


inno. allato,

inno. accostato
inno. approached


en, ad ct,f,ia, ad ct,f,i



ad, vèrsoad, towards



per






dèsfrom






fine ad






entrebetween






prèsso, pròpenear, close






lòngelong







Nota: Qualques prepositiones han essuto consideratas traditionalemente advèrbios.
Note: Some prepositions have traditionally been considered adverbs.

Vedete las prepositiones articulatas en la sectione sopre artículos. Vedete altrosí los advèrbios de tèmpo.
See the articulated prepositions in the section above articles. Also, see the adverbs of time.


6. 2. 2. PREPOSITIONES DE TÈMPO
6. 2. 2. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

ante (de), avante (de), en ante (de), prío (de), durante, mentre, entanto, depòs (de), pòs (de),
before, forward, in front of, prior, during, while, meanwhile, after, post

Vedete altrosí los advèrbios de lòco.
Also see the adverbs of place.


6. 3. ADVÈRBIOS
6. 3. ADVERBS

Los principales advèrbios et locutiones adverbiales neolatinas son:
The main adverbs and adverbial phrases in Neo-Latin are:


6. 3. 1. AFFIRMATIONE, NEGATIONE
6. 3. 1. AFFIRMATION, NEGATION

altronón, altrosí, altrosí non, de accòrdo, fòrse, neque, non, pòte∤pòsse essere, sí.
altronón, altrosí, altrosí no, of course, perhaps, neither, no, can∤may be, yes.


6. 3. 2. LÒCO
6. 3. 2. LÒCO

onde, ove; adonde; cui, cua; aí, estí; collí, collà, evi
where, where; to where; to whom, to whom; there, here; I collected, I collected, I evoked

Vedete altrosí las prepositiones de lòco.
See also the prepositions of place.


6. 3. 3. TÈMPO
6. 3. 3. TIME

acora, adesso, allora, aduc, ancora, anòcte, antehère, ceto, de bòna hora, demane, depòs-demane, desequita, en sequito, ensequita, entanto, frequèntemente, hère, hère-nòcte, hère-sera, hòjje, hora, ja, jamàis, màis tarde, nunca, presto, plus tarde, prèsto, quando, sèmpre, sovènte, tarde, tòsto.
now, now, then, aduc, ancho, night, antehère, keto, de bòna hora, demane, depòs-demane, desequita, en sequito, ensequita, entanto, frequèntemente, hère, hère-nòcte, hère-sera, hòjje, hora , already, never, later, never, soon, later, soon, when, always, often, late, soon.

Vedete altrosí las prepositiones de tèmpo.
Also see the prepositions of time.


6. 3. 4. MANARIA, QUANTITATE ET ALTROS
6. 3. 4. MANARIA, QUANTITY AND OTHERS

assates, bastante, bène, cosí, de màis, de plus, deprèssa, en oltra, lentamente, màis, male, mèllîo, mellîore, menos, molto, pèjjo, pejjore, per qué, plus, pauco, quanto, quasi, ràpidamente, solo, sufficièntamente, sufficièntemente, tanto, toto, tròppo, uno pauco.
assays, enough, well, so, more, more, depressed, on the other hand, slowly, more, bad, better, better, less, much, worse, worse, why, more, little, how much, almost, quickly, only, sufficiently, sufficiently, so much, toto, too, one peacock.


6. 3. 5. ADVÈRBIOS EN –MENTE
6. 3. 5. ADVERBS IN –MENTE

Los advèrbios finitos per –mente se forman ad partire de los adjectivos femeninos singulares: adj. ràpida f. sg. adv. ràpidamente. Los adjectivos que haven una doble forma femenina (-e/-a) haven altrosí doas variantes de lo advèrbio: adj. frequènte ta f. sg. adv.
Finite adverbs ending in –mente are formed from singular feminine adjectives: adj. ràpida f. sg. adv. ràpidamente. Adjectives that have a double feminine form (-e/-a) also have two variants of the adverb: adj. frequènte ta f. sg. adv.

frequèntemente/frequèntamente. En los adjectivos terminatos per vocale plus –le, -la, -re,
frequently. In adjectives ending in the vowel plus –le, -la, -re,

-ra, pòte cadere la vocale finale: adj. generale la f. sg. adv.
-ra, it can drop the final vowel: adj. general ≠f. sg. →adv.

generalemente/generalamente/generalmente.generally

Los advèrbios finitos per –mente consèrvan la accentuatione gràfica de los adjectivos de los que derivan.
Finite adverbs ending in -mente retain the graphic accentuation of the adjectives from which they derive.


ADVÈRBIOSADVERBS

-a-mente-ly

-e/a-mente-ly

-le/la/re/ra-mente
-the/-the/-re/-ra-ly

adj. sg. f.

bònabona

alècre/alècra

generale/generalageneral

adv.

bònamentebona fide

alècremente/ alècramentecheerfully

generalemente/ generalamente/ generalmente
generally/ generally/ generally

ÍndiceIndex

7. SINTAXE 159
7. SYNTAX 159

Consultate en § 2.2 las abbreviaturas usatas.
Refer to § 2.2 for the abbreviations used.

7. 1. SINTAGMA NOMINALE
7.1. NOMINAL SYNTAGMA

En lo sintagma nominale, lo artículo (determinato aut indeterminato) concòrda en gènere et número con lo nome et sèmpre appare en una positione determinata dentro de lo sintagma. Lo adjectivo, normalmente pospòsto ad lo nome, altrosí concòrda en gènere et número.
In the noun phrase, the article (definite or indefinite) agrees in gender and number with the noun and always appears in a determined position within the phrase. The adjective, normally placed after the noun, also agrees in gender and number.

ART. [det./indet.] + (ADJ.) N (+ADJ.)

Los professores jóvenes. Las simpàticas studiantes.
The young teachers. The nice students.


7. 2. SINTAGMA VERBALE
7.2. VERBAL SYNTAGMA

Lo vèrbo, núcleo de lo sintagma verbale, concòrda en persona et número con lo soo subjècto.
The verb, the core of the verbal phrase, agrees in person and number with its subject.

Lo mèo patre cocina (3ª ps. sg.) molto bène. Los mèos patres cocinan (3ª ps. pl.) molto bène.
The cat cooks very well. The cats cook very well.


7. 2. STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS ESSENTIALES
7.2. ESSENTIAL SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES

SN. + V. (èssere) + SN. (nom.) Josepe èst studènte. SN. + V. (èssere) + ADJ. Josepe èst simpàtico. SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) Josepe ama la vita.
SN. + V. (to be) + SN. (noun.) Josepe is a student. SN. + V. (to be) + ADJ. Josepe is nice. SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) Joseph loves life.

SN. + V. Josepe dòrme.
SN. + V. Joseph sleeps.

SN. + V. + SP. Josepe dòrme en lo hostale.
Joseph sleeps in the inn.

SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) + SP. Josepe lège uno libro en lo hostale.
Josepe reads a book in the hostel.

SN. + V. + SN. (dat.) Josepe se dirige ad uno collega.
Josepe is addressing a colleague.

SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) + SN. (dat.) Josepe dà la informatione ad uno collèga.
Josepe gives the information to a colleague.

SN. + V. + SN. (dat.) + SP. Josepe se dirige ad uno collega en lo hostale.
Josepe is addressing a colleague in the hostel.


  1. 3. ALTRAS STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS
    3. OTHER SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES

  2. APPENDICESAPPENDICES

8. 1. ALTERNANTIAS DE LOS VÈRBOS ESSENTIALES
8. 1. ALTERNATIONS OF ESSENTIAL VERBS

ÍndiceIndex


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes
Regular models of the conjugations

Índice de alternantias Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Alternation Index Irregular Verbs Index

Abbreviaturas per columnas:
Abbreviations by columns:

  1. INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

  2. ORÍGINE: here. (vèrbo hereditario), roman. (creato en romance), presta. (prestato)
    ORIGIN: here. (hereditary verb), roman. (created in romance), lends. (lent)

  3. CONJUGATIONE:CONJUGATION:

    1. 1ª, 2ª, 3ª, 4ª.
      1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.

    2. En latino, “3ª mixta” indica que lo vèrbo se conjugava con –Ĭ- como en la conj. 4ª.
      In Latin, "3rd mixed" indicates that the verb was conjugated with -Ĭ- as in the 4th conjugation.

      b. Avantsamènto: ´_(→´  )
      b. Advancement: ´_(→´ )

a. Fixamènto: à→a, é→e, í→i, ó→o, ú→u . Cuestas alternantias son regulares, mais se pòten evitare conjugando lo vèrbo secondo lo modèllo de la conj. 2ª.
to. Fix: à→a, é→e, í→i, ó→o, ú→u . These alternating words are regular, but can be avoided by conjugating the verb according to the conj model. 2nd.

  1. ALTERNANTIAS ACCENTUALES:
    ACCENTUAL ALTERNATIONS:


  1. Apertura: (e→è), (o→ò)
    Opening: (e→è), (o→ò)

  2. Síncopa: CVC(→CC)
    Syncope: CVC(→CC)

c. Apertura: e→è, o→ò
c. Opening: e→è, o→ò

  1. Gràficas: i→í, u→ú. Cuestas alternantias son regulares, mais se pòten evitare avantsando lo accènto (cuesto èst, introducèndo una altra alternantia):
    Graphics: i→í, u→ú. Alternating slopes are regular, but they can be avoided by advancing the accent (this is, introducing another alternation):

    ´_(→´ ).

  2. Clausura: è→e, ò→o. Cuestas alternantias son regulares, mais se pòten evitare conjugando lo vèrbo secondo lo modèllo de la conj. 2ª.
    Closure: è→e, ò→o. Alternating slopes are regular, but they can be avoided by conjugating the verb according to the model of the 2nd conjugation.

5A I 5B. ALTERNANTIAS VOCÀLICAS:
5A I 5B. VOCALIC ALTERNATIONS:


  1. ALTERNANTIAS CONSONÀNTICAS:
    CONSONANT ALTERNATIONS:

    ge→gîa(/ga)

    1. Gràficas: t→ts, ca→che, ga→ghe, cîa→ce, ce→cîa, ci→cîa, gîa→ge, ge→gîa, gi→gîa
      Graphics: t→ts, ca→che, ga→ghe, cîa→ce, ce→cîa, ci→cîa, gîa→ge, ge→gîa, gi→gîa

    1. Non palatalizzatione:
      Non palatalization:


      ce→cîa

      (/ccîa),(/ccîa)

      ci→cîa

      (/ccîa),(/ccîa)

      gi→gîa

      (/ggîa)

      1. Iòd (et geminatione): p→p(/ppi/ccî), v→v(/bbi/jj), r(→ri)
        Iod (and gemination): p→p(/ppi/ccî), v→v(/bbi/jj), r(→ri)

      2. Palatalizzatione sene iòd: d(→dz)
        Palatalization of the old: d(→dz)

      3. Palatalizzatione et geminatione sene iòd: x(→ssî), d(→jj/ddz), l(→llî), n(→nnî)
        Palatalization and gemination of the old iòd: x(→ssî), d(→jj/ddz), l(→llî), n(→nnî)

    2. Geminatione sene iòd:
      Gemination of the old man iòd:

      (/ca),(/ca)


  1. INFIXO (infixo anticamente incoativo, en vèrbos de la 4ª conj.)
    INFIX (formerly incoative infix, in verbs of the 4th conjugation)

  2. PERFÈCTOS FÒRTES (participio passato, participio presènte)
    PERFECT STRONG (past participle, present participle)

Los vèrbos irregulares (marcatos en rosso) han irregularitates particulares: dare, dícere, èssere, estare, fàcere, havere, ire, potere, sapere.
The irregular verbs (marked in red) have particular irregularities: to give, to say, to be, to stay, to do, to have, to go, to be able, to know.

1

2

3

4

5a

5b

6

7

8

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

ORI.

CONJ.

ACCÈNT.ACCENT.

VOCÀL.VOCAL.

SÍNCOPASYNCOPE

CONSON.

INFIXOINFIX

PERFÈCT.PERFECT.

ABBASSÎAREABBASSIAR


1st







ACCAPAREACQUIRE


1st







AGGRATAREAGGRAVATE


1st







AJJUTARE


1st







ALECRARE


1st







ALTSARE


1st







AMARETO LOVE


1st







ANDAREGO


1st



CVC(→CC)




APPACARE


1st




ca→che



APPLECARE

here.

1st

´_(→´ )



ca→che



APTARE


1st







ARRESTARESTOP


1st


e→è





ARRIPARE


1st







ASCOLTARELISTEN


1st







BALLAREDANCE


1st







BANNÎARE


1st







BASSÎARE


1st







BASTAREBASTARD


1st







BESONNÎAREPARTICULARS


1st







CACARE


1st




ca→che



CAMBIARECHANGE

here.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í





CAMMINAREWALKING


1st







CANTARESING


1st







CATTSARE


1st







CAVARE


1st







CENAREHAVE DINNER


1st







CERCARELOOK FOR


1st




ca→che



CLAMARETO SHOUT


1st







COGETARE


1st







COLLOCARECOLLOCATE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

o→ò (o→ò)


ca→che



COLTELLARESTABBER


1st


e→è





COMENTSARE


1st







COMMANDARECOMMAND


1st







COMPLETARECOMPLETE


1st


e→è





COMPRAREBUY


1st







CONGELARETO FREEZE


1st


e→è





CONSERVARECONSERVE


1st


e→è





CONSIDERARECONSIDER

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

e→è





CONTARETO COUNT


1st







CONTINUARECONTINUE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

u→ú





COPERARE

(cf. coprare)


1st



CVC(→CC)




COPRARECOVER

(cf. coperare)
(c.f. cooperate)


1st







CORTARECUTTING


1st







COSTUMARECOSTUME


1st







CREMARECREMATE


1st


e→è





CROCÎARECROCODILE

(derivato de croce)
(cross derivative)

roman.novel.

1st




cîa→ce



CURARE


1st







DANTSARE


1st







DELECTARE


1st


e→è





DEMANDAREDEMAND


1st







DEMENTECARE
DEMENTIA CARE


1st




ca→che



DENUDARE


1st







DESEGNAREDRAW


1st







DESEJJARE


1st







DESIDERAREDESIRE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

e→è





DESIEIUNAREDESIGNATION


1st







DESPOLLÎARE
DEMOCRATIZATION


1st


o→ò





DISNARE


1st







DONARETO DONATE


1st







DURARE


1st







EMPLECAREEMPLOYMENT

here.

1st

´_(→´ )



ca→che



EMPORTARECARRYING


1st


o→ò





ENCASSARE


1st







ENCONTRAREFIND


1st


o→ò





ENGRATIARE

(derivato de gratia)
(derived from grace)

roman.novel.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í


t→ts



ENSEGNARETEACH


1st







ENTRAREENTER


1st







ENVIARESEND

here.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í





ERRAREERRING


1st


e→è





ESPERAREWAIT


1st







ESPUTARE


1st







ESSUCAREDRYING


1st




ca→che



ESVEGLARE


1st







EXCAVAREEXCAVATE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)





EXPLICARE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)


ca→che



FALLARE


1st







FAULARE


1st







FICCARE


1st




ca→che



FLOTTAREFLOTTER


1st







FRECARE


1st




ca→che



GELARE


1st


e→è





GIRARESPIN


1st







GLACCÎARE


1st




cîa→ce



GRATTARESCRATCH


1st







GUADANNÎARE


1st







GUARDARELOOK


1st







IMPORTAREIMPORTING


1st


o→ò





INFLARE


1st







INITIAREINITIATE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í


t→ts



INTERESSARETO INTEREST


1st


e→è





INVITAREINVITE


1st







JECTARE


1st


e→è





JOCARE


1st


o→ò


ca→che



LANCÎARELAUNCH


1st




cîa→ce



LAVARE


1st







LAVORAREWORK


1st







LAXARE


1st







LEGARE


1st




ga→ghe



LEVARE


1st


e→è





LOCARE


1st


o→ò


ca→che



LOCTARE


1st







MANCAREHUNGER


1st




ca→che



MANDARESEND


1st







MANDECARE

(cf. mangîare)(mangîare)


1st




ca→che



MANGÎARE

(cf. mandecare)


1st




gîa→ge



MATTARE


1st







MEJJARE


1st







MERCEJJARE


1st







MIRARE


1st







MONTAREMOUNT


1st







MOSTRARESHOW


1st







MUTARE


1st







NATARE


1st







NECESSITARENECESSITATE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)





NETEJJARE


1st







NEVARE


1st







NOMINARENOMINATE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

(o→ò)





NUMERARENUMERATE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

e→è





OBLITAREOBLITERATE


1st







OCCUPAREOCCUPY

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

(o→ò)





ODORARE


1st







ORDENAREORDER

here.

1st

´_(→´ )






ORINARE


1st







PACARE


1st




ca→che



PARLARESPEAK


1st







PASSAREPASSING


1st







PASSEJJARE


1st







PECTENARE

here.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)





PENSARETHINK


1st


e→è





PERCONTARETO PERFORM


1st







PERDONAREFORGIVE


1st







PESARE


1st







PESCAREFISHING


1st




ca→che



PISSÎARE


1st







PLORARE


1st







POGNALARE


1st







PORTARETO CARRY


1st


o→ò





PRANDZAREBREAKFAST


1st







PREPARAREPREPARE


1st







PRESENTAREPRESENTING


1st


e→è





PRESTARELEND


1st


e→è





PRONUNTIARE
PRONUNCIATION

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í


t→ts



PROVARETRY


1st


o→ò





RAJJARE


1st







RASARE


1st







RASCARE


1st




ca→che



RASPARESCRAPE


1st







RECONTARERECOUNT


1st







RECORDAREREMEMBER


1st


o→ò





REPARAREREPAIR


1st







REPAUSARE


1st







RESPIRAREBREATHE


1st







RESTARESTAY


1st


e→è





RESULTARE


1st







SALTAREJUMP


1st







SALUTAREGREETING


1st







SECCAREDRYING


1st




ca→che



SEMELARE


1st







SERRARECLOSE


1st







SERVARETO PRESERVE


1st


e→è





SIGNIFICARESIGNIFY

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )



ca→che



SOFFLAREBLOWER


1st







STUDIARESTUDY

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í





TALLÎARE


1st







TARDARETARDINESS


1st







TELEFONARECALL

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

o→ò (e→è)





TERMINARETERMINATE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)





TIRAREPULL


1st







TOCCARETOUCH


1st




ca→che



TORNARERETURN


1st







TRACTARETO TREAT


1st







trebalhare


1st







TREPALLÎARE


1st







TROPARE


1st


o→ò





USAREUSE


1st







UTILIZZAREUSE


1st







VENAREHUNT


1st







VETARE


1st


e→è





VIAGGÎARETRAVELING


1st




gîa→ge



VISITAREVISIT

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )






VOLAREFLY


1st


o→ò





VOMITAREVOMITATE

presta.loan.

1st

´_(→´ )

(o→ò)





DARE


1ª irr.1st irr.







ESTAREWILL BE


1ª irr.1st irr.







APPARERE

(cf. parere)
(see opinion)

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

r(→ri)



ARDEREBURN

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

d(→dz)


pp. (arso)

COMPLEREFILL

(> complire)To comply

here.

2nd


o→ò


160


161

DEVERE

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

v→v(/bbi/jj)


162

DOLERETO PAIN

here.

2nd


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

l(→llî)



GAUDEREREJOICE

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

d(→dz)


163

JACERE

here.

2nd




ce→cîa(/ccîa)



MOVEREMOVE

(> mòvere)(move)

here.

2nd


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

164


165

OLERE

here.

2nd


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

166



PAREREOPINION

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

r(→ri)


167

PENDERE

here.

2nd


e→è

CVC(→CC)

168




160 Cui, la alternantia l(→llî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara. En qualonque caso, resultaría en una sequèntia diffícile de pronuntiare.
160 Cui, the alternation l(→llî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare. In any case, it would result in a sequence difficult to pronounce.

161 En latino, lo supino de COMPLĒRE èra CŎMPLĒTUM.
In Latin, the supine of COMPLĒRE was CŎMPLĒTUM.

162 En latino, lo supino de DEBĒRE èra DĒBĬTUM.
In Latin, the supine of DEBĒRE was DĒBĬTUM.

163 En latino, lo supino de GAUDĒRE èra GAVĪSUM.
In Latin, the supine of GAUDĒRE was GAVĪSUM.

164 Cui, la alternantia v→v(/bbi/jj), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
164 Cui, the alternation v→v(/bbi/jj), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

165 En latino, lo supino de MOVĒRE èra MŌTUM (cf. Ita. mòsso).
In Latin, the supine of MOVĒRE was MŌTUM (cf. It. mòsso).

166 Cui, la alternantia l(→llî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
166 Cui, the alternation l(→llî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

167 En latino, lo supino de PARĒRE èra PARĬTUM.
In Latin, the supine of PARĒRE was PARĬTUM.

168 Cui, la alternantia d(→dz), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
168 Cui, the alternation d(→dz), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

PLACEREPLEASURE

here.

2nd




ce→cîa(/ccîa)


169

REMANEREREMAIN

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)


pp. (remaso)

SEDERE

here.

2nd


e→è

CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)


170

SOLERESOLELY

here.

2nd


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

l(→llî)


171

TACERETO BE SILENT

here.

2nd




ce→cîa(/ccîa)


172

TEMERE

here.

2nd




173



TENEREHOLD

here.

2nd


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)


174

VALERE

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

l(→llî)


175

VEDERESEE

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)


pp. (visto)pp. (seen)

DETENEREDETAIN

here.

2nd


e→è 176

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)


177

POSSEDEREPOSSESS

(cf. sedere)(cf. sit)

here.

2nd


e→è 178

CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)


179

EMPLEREFILL

(> emplire)(> empire)

here.

2ª (>4ª)2nd (>4th)

´_(→´ )



180


181

ACCADEREHAPPEN

(cf. càdere)
(cf. to fall)

here.

2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)



CADEREFALL

(< Lat. vul. *CADĒRE
(< Lat. vul. *CADĒRE)

< Lat. clàs. CADĔRE)Fall

here.

2nd


(<3ª)



CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)


182

VOLEREWANT

(< Lat. vul. *VŎLĒRE
(< Lat. vul. *VŎLĒRE)

< Lat. clàs. VĔLLE)WANT

here.

2nd


(<183)


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

l(→llî)



HAVERE


here.

2ª irr.2nd irr.



CVC(→CC)

v→bbi/jj 184


185

POTEREPOWER


here.

2ª irr.2nd irr.


o→ò

CVC(→CC)




OBTENEREOBTAIN

(cf. tenere)
(see to hold)

presta. 186

2nd


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)



ESTERGERE

(< estèrgere

< Lat. vul. *EXTĔRGĔRE
To rise up, to get up

< Lat. clas. EXTERGĒRE)EXTERGĒRE


2ª (<3ª2nd (<3rd


<2ª)2nd)


e→è


ge→gîa



MORDEREBITE

(< mòrdere(mordere

<Lat. vul. *MŎRDĔREMORDERE

< Lat. clas. MORDĒRE)MORDĒRE


2ª (<3ª2nd (<3rd


<2ª)2nd)


o→ò






169 En latino, lo supino de PLACĒRE èra PLACĬTUM.
169 In Latin, the supine of PLACĒRE was PLACĬTUM.

170 En latino, lo supino de SEDĒRE èra SESSUM.
In Latin, the supine of SEDĒRE was SESSUM.

171 En latino, lo supino de SOLĒRE èra SŎLĬTUM.
171 In Latin, the supine of SOLĒRE was SŎLĬTUM.

172 En latino, lo supino de TACĒRE èra TACĬTUM.
In Latin, the supine of TACĒRE was TACĬTUM.

173 Cui, la alternantia m(→mmi), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
173 Cui, the alternation m(→mmi), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

174 En latino, lo supino de TENĒRE èra TENTUM.
In Latin, the supine of TENĒRE was TENTUM.

175 En latino, lo supino de VALĒRE èra VALITUM (cf. Ita. valso).
In Latin, the supine of VALĒRE was VALITUM (cf. Ita. valso).

176 De lo latino DETĬNĒRE (derivato de TĔNĒRE), mais con influxo de TĔNĒRE: detènnîo (con -è-) como tènnîo.
176 From Latin DETĬNĒRE (derived from TĔNĒRE), but with influence from TĔNĒRE: detènnîo (with -è-) like tènnîo.

177 En latino, lo supino de DETĬNĒRE èra DETENTUM.
In Latin, the supine of DETĬNĒRE was DETENTUM.

178 De lo latino POSSĬDĒRE (derivato de SĔDĒRE), mais con influxo de SĔDĒRE: possèdo (con -è-) como sèdo.
178 From Latin POSSĬDĒRE (derived from SĔDĒRE), but with influence from SĔDĒRE: possèdo (with -è-) like sèdo.

179 En latino, lo supino de POSSĬDĒRE èra POSSESSUM.
In Latin, the supine of POSSĬDĒRE was POSSESSUM.

180 Cui, la alternantia l(→llî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara. En qualonque caso, resultaría en una sequèntia diffícile de pronuntiare.
180 Cui, the alternation l(→llî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare. In any case, it would result in a sequence difficult to pronounce.

181 En latino, lo supino de IMPLĒRE èra IMPLĒTUM.
In Latin, the supine of IMPLĒRE was IMPLĒTUM.

182 En latino, lo supino de CADĔRE (3ª conj.) èra CĀSUM (cf. OCCASUS).
In Latin, the supine of CADĔRE (3rd conjugation) was CĀSUM (cf. OCCASUS).

183 Lo latino VĔLLE èra uno vèrbo anòmalo. Deveniu *VŎLĒRE depòs de lo cambio VOLO > VOLEO (FEW).
The Latin VĔLLE was an anomalous verb. It became *VŎLĒRE after the change from VOLO to VOLEO (FEW).

184 Semelante ad la alternantia v→v(/bbi/jj), mais sene la variante reguare.
184 Similar to the alternation v→v(/bbi/jj), but without the regulated variant.

185 En latino, lo supino de HABĒRE èra HABĬTUM.
In Latin, the supine of HABĒRE was HABĬTUM.

186 Prestato de lo latino OBTĬNĒRE (derivato de TĔNĒRE), mais con influxo de TĔNĒRE: obtènnîo (con -è- et –nnî-) como
186 Borrowed from Latin OBTĬNĒRE (derivative of TĔNĒRE), but with influx of TĔNĒRE: obtain (with -è- and –nnî-) as

tènnîo.

RIDERELAUGH

(< rídereto laugh

< Lat. vul. RĪDĔRETo laugh

< Lat. clàs. RĪDĒRE)To laugh


2ª (<3ª2nd (<3rd


<2ª)2nd)







ACCENDERELIGHT UP

(< accèndere)
(< to ignite)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





ADDUCERELEAD

(< addúcere)(addúcere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



AJJUNGERE

(< ajjúngere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



APPARESCERE

(< apparéscere)
(< to appear)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



APPRENDERELEARN

(< apprèndere)(learn)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





ASCENDERE

(< ascèndere)(ascend)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





BATTERE

(< bàttere)(< batter)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




BEVERE

(< bévere)(< drink)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




CAPERECAPTURE

(< càpere)
(< to capture)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CLAUDERECLOSE

(< clàudere)(closing)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







COGNOSCERETO KNOW

(< cognóscere)(cognize)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



COLLEGERECOLLECT

(< collégere)(collect)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



COMEDEREEAT

(< comèdere)(comèdere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





COMPRENDEREUNDERSTAND

(< comprèndere)
(< understand)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





COMPRIMERECOMPRESS

(< comprímere)(< compress)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CONCLUDERECONCLUDE

(< conclúdere)(conclude)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CONDUCEREDRIVING

(< condúcere)(lead)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



CONOSCEREKNOW

(< conóscere)(know)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



CORRERERUNNING

(< córrere)(< run)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







COSERE

(< cósere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







COSPERE

(< cóspere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CREDERE

(< crédere)
(< to believe)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CRESCEREGROW

(< créscere)(< grow)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



DEBATTEREDEBATE

(< debàttere)(debate)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




DECIDEREDECIDE

(< decídere)(decide)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







DESCENDERE


2nd


e→è





(< descèndere)(descend)


(<3ª)







DESPENDERESPEND

(< despèndere)(< to spend)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è

CVC(→CC)




DIRIGEREDIRECT

(< dirígere)
( to direct )


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



DIVIDEREDIVIDE

(< divídere)(divide)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







DUCERELEAD

(< dúcere)(lead)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



ELEGEREELECT

(< elégere)(< elégere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



EMPENGERE

(< empéngere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



ENDUCERELEAD

(< endúcere)(lead out)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



ENTENDEREUNDERSTAND

(< entèndere)(understand)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





ESCABERE

(< escàbere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







ESCOLLEGERE

(< escollégere)(< choose)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



ESCRIVEREWRITE

(< escrívere)(< write)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







ESTENGEREEXTENSION

(< esténgere)
(< to extinguish)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



ESTRENGERESQUEEZE

(< estréngere)
(< to tighten)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



EXPRIMERE

(< exprímere)(exprímere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







EXSISTEREEXISTENCE

(< exsístere)(exist)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







EXTRAGEREEXTRACT

(< extràgere)(extract)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



FENDERE

(< féndere)(< to break)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







INTRODUCEREINTRODUCTION

(< introdúcere)(introduce)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



JUNGERE

(< júngere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



LEGEREREAD

(< lègere)(< light)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è


ge→gîa



METTEREPUTTING

(< méttere)(mettere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




NASCEREBORN

(< nàscere)(nascere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



NINGERE

(< níngere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



OCCIDERE

(< occídere)(to kill)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







PARESCERE

(< paréscere)
(< to appear)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



PENGERE

(< péngere)(paint)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



PERDERELOSE

(< pèrdere)(to lose)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





PERMETTEREALLOW

(< perméttere)(permit)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




PETERE

(< pètere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





PLOVERE

(< plòvere)(to rain)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò

CVC(→CC)




PONERE

(< pónere)(pone)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




PREMEREPRESS

(< prèmere)(< first)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





PRENDERETAKE

(< prèndere)(take)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





PRODUCEREPRODUCE

(< prodúcere)(produce)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



PROPONEREPROPOSE

(< propónere)(propose)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




RADERESHAVE

(< ràdere)(< to shave)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







RECEPERERECEIVE

(< recépere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







RECOGNOSCERERECOGNIZE

(< recognóscere)Recognize


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



RECOLLEGERERECOLLECT

(< recollégere)(recollect)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



RECONOSCERERECOGNIZE

(< reconóscere)(reconocer)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



RENDEREGIVE

(< rèndere)(< render)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





REPETEREREPEAT

(< repètere)(< repètere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





RESPONDEREto answer

(< respòndere)(< respond)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò





ROMPEREBREAK

(< rómpere)(< break)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







SOPPRIMERESUPPRESS

(< sopprímere)
(< sopprimere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







SORPRENDERESURPRISE

(< sorprèndere)(surprise)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





SOSPENDERESUSPEND

(< sospèndere)(suspend)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è

CVC(→CC)




SUCCEDERESUCCEED

(< succèdere)
(< succèdere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





SUFFICEREENOUGH

(< suffícere)
(< to suffice)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



SUGERESUGGESTS

(< súgere)
(< suggestion)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



SUPPONERESUPPOSE

(< suppónere)
(< suppónere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




TORCERETWIST

(< tòrcere)(< tòrcere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò


ce→cîa



TRAGERETO PULL

(< tràgere)(< to drag)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



TRAMETTERETRANSMIT

(< traméttere)
(< traméttere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







VENCERECONQUER


2nd




ce→cîa



(< véncere)(< vencere)


(<3ª)







VENDERESELL

(< véndere)(vend)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







VIVERELIVE

(< vívere)(< vívere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




VOLVERERETURN

(< vòlvere)(< vòlvere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò

CVC(→CC)




VOMERE

(< vòmere)(< vòmere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò





DICERETO SAY

(< dícere)(to say)


2nd

(<3ª irr.)(3rd irr.)




ce→cîa



FACERETO DO

(< fàcere)(facere)


2nd

(<3ª irr.)(3rd irr.)




ce→cîa



INTERDICEREINTERDICT

(< interdícere)(interdict)


2nd

(<3ª irr.)(3rd irr.)




ce→cîa



VADERE

(< vàdere)(< and see)


2nd

(<3ª irr.)(3rd irr.)







SERE

(< èssere)(< to be)


2ª irr. (<3ª irr.)
2nd irr. (<3rd irr.)







SAPEREKNOW

(<Lat. vul. *SAPĒRE(Sapere)

< Lat. clàs. SAPĔRE) 187


2ª irr.2nd irr.


(<3ª mixta)(3rd mixed)



CVC(→CC)

p→ppi/ccî 188



ACCÀDEREACCESS

(cf. accadere)(see happen)


3rd

à→aa→a


CVC(→CC)




ACCÈNDERETURN ON

here.

3rd

è→ee





pp. (acceso)189
pp. (access)189

ADDÚCERETO ADDUCE


3rd

ú→uu



ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (addocto)

AJJÚNGERE


3rd

ú→uu



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (ajjunto)
pp. (attached)

APPARÉSCERE


3rd

é→ee



ce→cîa(/ca)



APPRÈNDERELEARN


3rd

è→ee





pp. (appreso)
pp. (learned)

ASCÈNDEREASCEND


3rd

è→ee





pp. (asceso)
pp. (ascension)

BÀTTERE

< Lat. tardo BATTĔREslow to beat

< Lat. clàs. BATTUĔREBATTUĔRE


3rd

à→aa→a


CVC(→CC)




BÉVERE


3rd

é→ee


CVC(→CC)



190

CÀDEREFALL

(cf. cadere)
(cf. to fall)

here.

3rd

à→aa→a


CVC(→CC)




CÀPERECABBAGE

< Lat. clàs. CAPĔRE
To seize, to take.


3rd

(<3ª mixta)(3rd mixed)

à→aa→a


CVC(→CC)

p→p(/ppi/ccî)


pp. (capto)

CLÀUDERECLOSE


3rd

à→aa→a





pp. (clauso)pp. (closed)

COGNÓSCERECOGNIZE


3rd

ó→oo



ce→cîa(/ca)


191

COLLÉGERECOLLECTIVE


3rd

é→ee



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (collècto)
pp. (collective)

COMÈDERECOMEDY


3rd

è→ee





192

COMPRÈNDEREUNDERSTAND


3rd

è→ee





pp. (compreso)
pp. (included)

COMPRÍMERECOMPRESS

(cf. prèmere)(see first)

presta.loan.

3rd

í→ii





pp. (comprèsso)
pp. (compress)

CONCLÚDERECONCLUDE


3rd

ú→uu





pp. (concluso)
pp. (concluded)

CONDÚCERELEAD


3rd

ú→uu



ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (condocto)
pp. (conductor)


187 Tres vèrbos molto frequèntes cambian de la conjugatione 3ª ad la 2ª en grande parte de lo romance: sàpere, càpere, càdere > sapere, capere, cadere (DÉRom, s.v. */'kad‑e‑/).
187 Three very frequent verbs change from the 3rd to the 2nd conjugation in much of Romance: to know, to caper, to cadere > to know, to cadere, to cadere (DÉRom, sv */'kad‐e‐/).

188 Semelante ad la alternantia p→p(/ppi/ccî), mais sene la variante regulare.
188 Semelante ad la alternantia p→p(/ppi/ccî), corn without the regular variant.

189 En latino, ACCĒNSUM.
189 A child, ACCĒNSUM.

190 En latino, lo supino de BĬBĔRE èra BĬBĬTUM.
In Latin, the supine of BĬBĔRE was BĬBĬTUM.

191 En latino, lo supino de COGNOSCĔRE èra COGNĬTUM.
191 In Latin, the supine of COGNOSCĔRE was COGNĬTUM.

192 En latino, lo supino de ĔDĔRE èra ĒSUM.
192 In Latin, the supine of ĔDĔRE was ĒSUM.

CONÓSCERE
KNOW YOURSELF


3rd

ó→oo



ce→cîa(/ca)


193

CÓRRERERUNNING


3rd

ó→oo





pp. (corso)pp. (course)

CRÉDERECREDERE


3rd

é→ee





194

CRÉSCEREGROW


3rd

é→ee



ce→cîa(/ca)



DEBÀTTERE


3rd

à→aa→a


CVC(→CC)




DECÍDEREDECIDE


3rd

í→ii





pp. (deciso)
pp. (decided)

DESCÈNDEREDESCEND


3rd

è→ee





pp. (desceso)
pp. (descent)

DESPÈNDERESPEND


3rd

è→ee


CVC(→CC)



pp. (despeso)

DIRÍGEREDIRECTING


3rd

í→ii



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (dirècto)pp. (direct)

DIVÍDEREDIVIDE


3rd

í→ii





pp. (diviso)
pp. (divided)

DÚCERELEAD


3rd

ú→uu



ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (docto) 195
pp. (doc) 195

ELÉGEREELECTED


3rd

é→ee



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (elècto)pp. (elect)

EMPÉNGEREEMPHASIZE


3rd

é→ee



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (empento) 196

ENDÚCERELEAD OUT


3rd

ú→uu



ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (endocto) 197

ENTÈNDEREUNDERSTAND


3rd

è→ee


CVC(→CC)



pp. (enteso)

ESCÀBERE


3rd

à→aa→a






ESCOLLÉGERE


3rd

é→ee



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (escollècto)
pp. (selected)

ESCRÍVEREWRITE


3rd

í→ii





pp. (escripto) 198
pp. (written) 198

ESTÉNGERE


3rd

é→ee



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (estento)

ESTÈRGERE


3rd

è→ee



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (estèrso)pp. (ester)

ESTRÉNGERESTRANGER


3rd




ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (estrecto)
pp. (straight)

EXPRÍMERESQUEEZE

(cf. prèmere)(see first)

presta.loan.

3rd

í→ii





pp. (exprèsso)
pp. (expressly)

EXSÍSTEREEXSISTERE


3rd

í→ii






EXTRÀGEREEXTRACT


3rd

à→aa→a



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (extracto)
pp. (excerpt)

FÉNDEREFENDERE


3rd

é→ee





pp. (fesso)

INTRODÚCEREINTRODUCTION


3rd

ú→uu



ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (introdocto)
pp. (introduction)

JÚNGEREJUNGER


3rd

ú→uu



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (junto)
pp. (together)

LÈGERELIGHT


3rd

è→ee



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (lècto)pp. (read)

MÉTTERE


3rd

é→ee


CVC(→CC)



pp. (messo)
pp. (put in order)

MÒRDEREMURDER


3rd

ò→oo





pp. (mòrso) pp. (bite)

NÀSCEREBE BORN


3rd

à→aa→a



ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (nato)

NÍNGERE


3rd

í→ii



ge→gîa(/ga)



OCCÍDEREOCCIDERE


3rd

í→ii






PARÉSCERE


3rd

é→ee



ce→cîa(/ca)



PÈNDEREHANGING


3rd

è→ee





pp. (peso)
pp. (pesos)

PÉNGEREPENGERE


3rd

é→ee



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (pento) 199
pp. (repentant) 199

PÈRDERELOSE


3rd

è→ee


CVC(→CC)



200

PERMÉTTEREALLOW


3rd

é→ee


CVC(→CC)



pp. (permesso)
pp. (permit)

PÈTEREPETER


3rd

è→ee






PLÒVERE


3rd

ò→oo


CVC(→CC)




PÓNEREPONERE


3rd

ó→oo


CVC(→CC)



pp. (pòsto)pp. (place)

PRÈMERE


3rd

è→ee





pp. (prèsso)pp. (press)

PRÈNDERETAKE


3rd

è→ee





pp. (preso)pp. (press)


193 En latino, lo supino de COGNOSCĔRE èra COGNĬTUM.
In Latin, the supine of COGNOSCĔRE was COGNĬTUM.

194 En latino, lo supino de CRĒDĔRE èra CRĒDĬTUM.
In Latin, the supine of CRĒDĔRE was CRĒDĬTUM.

195 Lo participio regularizzato duciûto èst raro en romance.
The regularized participle duciûto is rare in Romance.

196 De lo Lat. vul. *impĭnctus, participio de impingĕre en lòco de lo clàssico impactus (GDLC). Lo participio regularizzato empengîuto èst raro en romance.
196 From the Latin vulg. *impĭnctus, participle of impingĕre in place of the classical impactus (GDLC). The regularized participle empengîuto is rare in Romance.

197 Lo participio regularizzato duciûto èst raro en romance.
The regularized participle duciûto is rare in Romance.

198 Lo participio regularizzato escrivuto èst raro en romance.
The regularized written participle is rare in Romance.

199 Lo participio regularizzato pengîuto èst raro en romance. Lo supino latino èra PICTUM.
The regularized participle pengîuto is rare in Romance. The Latin supine was PICTUM.

200 Lo italiano ha, en plus de lo regulare perduto, lo participio pèrso, mais lo latino haveva lo supino PERDĬTUM.
The Italian has, in addition to the regular lost, the lost participle, but Latin had the supine PERDĬTUM.

PRODÚCEREPRODUCE


3rd

ú→uu



ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (prodocto)
pp. (product)

PROPÓNEREPROPOSE


3rd

ó→oo


CVC(→CC)



pp. (propòsto)
pp. (proposed)

RÀDERESHAVE


3rd

à→aa→a






RECÉPERERECOVER

<Lat. clàs. RECĬPĔRETo receive


3rd

(<3ª mixta)(3rd mixed)

é→ee


CVC(→CC)

201



RECOGNÓSCERERECOGNIZE


3rd

ó→oo



ce→cîa(/ca)



RECOLLÉGERERECOLLECT


3rd

é→ee



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (recollècto)
pp. (I remember)

RECONÓSCERERECOGNIZE


3rd

ó→oo



ce→cîa(/ca)



RÈNDERE


3rd

è→ee





pp. (reso)

REPÈTEREREPEAT


3rd

è→ee






RESPÒNDEREANSWER


3rd

ò→oo





pp. (respòsto)
pp. (response)

RÍDERELAUGH


3rd

í→ii





pp. (riso) pp. (rice)

RÓMPEREBREAK


3rd

ó→oo





pp. (ropto)

SOPPRÍMERESOPR PRIMER

(cf. prèmere)(see first)

presta.loan.

3rd

í→ii





pp. (sopprèsso)
pp. (suppressed)

SORPRÈNDERESURPRISING


3rd

è→ee





pp. (sorpreso)
pp. (surprised)

SOSPÈNDERESUSPENDER


3rd

è→ee


CVC(→CC)



pp. (sospeso)
pp. (suspended)

SUCCÈDERESUCCEEDS


3rd

è→ee





pp. (succèsso)
pp. (success)

SUFFÍCEREENOUGH


3rd

í→ii



ce→cîa(/ca)



SÚGEREWhisper


3rd

ú→uu



ge→gîa(/ga)



SUPPÓNERESUPPOSE


3rd

ó→oo


CVC(→CC)



pp. (suppòsto)
pp. (supposedly)

TÒRCERETWIST


3rd

ò→oo



ce→cîa(/ca)



TRÀGEREDRAG


3rd

à→aa→a



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (tracto)
pp. (tract)

TRAMÉTTEREFRAMETER


3rd

é→ee


CVC(→CC)



pp. (tramesso)
pp. (transmitted)

VÉNCEREOVERCOME


3rd

é→ee



ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (vinto) pp. (won)

VÉNDERESELL


3rd

é→ee






VÍVERELIVE


3rd

í→ii


CVC(→CC)



pp. (vixuto)

VÒLVEREREVOLVER


3rd

ò→oo


CVC(→CC)



pp. (vòlto)pp. (vault)

VÒMEREVOMER


3rd

ò→oo






VÀDEREVADERE


3ª irr3rd irr

à→aa→a






DÍCERETO SAY


3ª irr.3rd irr.

í→ii


CER(→R)

ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (dicto) 202
pp. (dictum) 202

ÈSSEREBEING


3ª irr.3rd irr.







FÀCERE

<Lat. clàs. FACĔRETo do


3ª irr.3rd irr.

(<3ª mixta)(3rd mixed)

à→aa→a


CER(→R)

ce→cîa(/ccîa) ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (facto)

INTERDÍCEREPROHIBIT

(como dícere)(as to say)


3ª irr.3rd irr.

í→ii


CER(→R)

ce→cîa(/ca)


pp. (interdicto) 203
pp. (interdict) 203

MÒVEREMOVE

(< movere)(move)


3ª (<2ª)3rd (<2nd)

ò→oo






CÓSERE 204

(> cosire)(> sewing)


3ª (>4ª)3rd (>4th)

ó→oo






CÓSPERE 205

(> cospire)Conspire


3ª (>4ª)3rd (>4th)

ó→oo






ADDORMIRESLEEP

here.

4th


o→ò


206

(→isc.)


APERIREOPEN

(cf. aprire)(open)

here.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

207

(→isc.)

pp. (apèrto)208
pp. (open)208

APRIREOPEN

here.

4th




209

(→isc.)

pp. (apèrto)210
pp. (open)210


201 Cui, la alternantia p→p(/ppi/ccî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
201 Cui, the alternation p→p(/ppi/ccî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

202 Lo participio regularizzato dicîuto èst raro en romance.
The regularized participle said is rare in Romance.

203 Lo participio regularizzato interdicîuto èst raro en romance.
The regularized participle is rare in Romance languages.

204 De lo latino CONSŬĔRE. Cf. cóspere.
204 From Latin CONSŬĔRE. Cf. cóspere.

205 De lo latino CONSPŬĔRE. Cf. cósere.
205 From Latin CONSPŬĔRE. Cf. cósere.

206 Cui, la alternantia m(→mi), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
206 Cui, the alternation m(→mi), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

207 Cui, la alternantia r(→ri), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
207 Cui, the alternation r(→ri), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

208 Lo participio regularizzato aperito èst raro en romance.
The regularized participle "aperto" is rare in Romance.

(cf. aperire)(open)









AUDIRE

here.

4th



CVC(→CC)

d(→dz)

(→isc.)


CONVENIRECONVENE

here.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)



DORMIRESLEEP

here.

4th


o→ò


211

(→isc.)


ESCIRE

here.

4th




ci→cîa



EXIRE

here.

4th


e→è


x(→ssî)

(→isc.)


MUGIRE

here.

4th




gi→gîa(/ggîa)

(→isc.)


PARTIREDEPARTURE

here.

4th




212

(→isc.)


RUGIREROAR

here.

4th




gi→gîa(/ggîa)

(→isc.)


SENTIREFEEL

here.

4th


e→è


213



SERVIRESERVE

here.

4th


e→è


214

(→isc.)


VENIRETO COME

here.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)



VESTIREDRESSING

here.

4th


e→è


215

(→isc.)


FINIREFINISH

here.

4th




216

(→isc.)


IRE

here.

4ª irr.4th irr.







COMPLIRE

(< complere)(complete)

here.

4ª (<2ª)4th (<2nd)


o→ò


217

(→isc.)


MORIREDIE

(<Lat. vul. MŎRĪREMORIR

< Lat. clàs. MŎRĪ)MORI

here.

4th


(<3ª mixta)(3rd mixed)


o→ò


218

(→isc.)

pp. (mòrto)pp. (dead)

OFFERIREOFFER

(<Lat. ŎFFĔRRE 219)(Offer 219)

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)

´_(→´ )

e→è (o→ò)


220

(→isc.)

pp. (offèrto)
pp. (offered)

SEQUIRE

(< sèquere)(< follow)

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


e→è



(→isc.)

221

CONSEQUIRECONSEQUENCE

(< consèquere)
(< to follow)

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


e→è



(→isc.)

222

PERSEQUIREPERSECUTE

(< persèquere)(pursue)

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


e→è



(→isc.)


FUGIRE

(<Lat. clàs. fugĕre)To flee

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)




gi→gîa(/ggîa)

223

(→isc.)


AVVENIRE

(derivato de venire)
(derived from coming)

roman.novel.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)




209 Cui, la alternantia r(→ri), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
209 Cui, the alternation r(→ri), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

210 Lo participio regularizzato aprito èst raro en romance.
The regularized participle "aprito" is rare in Romance languages.

211 Cui, la alternantia m(→mi), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
211 Cui, the alternation m(→mi), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

212 Cui, la alternantia t(→ts), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
212 Cui, the alternation t(→ts), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

213 Cui, la alternantia t(→ts), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
213 Cui, the alternation t(→ts), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

214 Cui, la alternantia v(→vi), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
214 Cui, the alternation v(→vi), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

215 Cui, la alternantia t(→ts), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
215 Cui, the alternation t(→ts), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

216 Cui, la alternantia n(→nnî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
216 Cui, the alternation n(→nnî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

217 Cui, la alternantia l(→llî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
217 Cui, the alternation l(→llî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

218 La variante mòrere (< Lat. vul. MŎRĔRE, plus pròxima ad Lat. clàs. MŎRĪ, vèrbo deponènte de la conj. 3ª mixta) sí consèrva lo paradigma traditionale (con r(→ri)) en Por. morrer (morria). Cui, –rr- non èst resultato de la iòd. El “port. morrer (probablemente refacción de un arcaico morre < mórere)” (DCECH).
218 The variant mòrere (< Lat. vul. MŎRĔRE , closer to Lat. class MŎRĪ , deponent verb of the mixed 3rd conjugation) does preserve the traditional paradigm (with r(→ri)) in Por. die ( morria ). Where, -rr- is not the result of iodine. The "port. morrer (probably refaction of an archaic morre < mórere )" (DCECH).

219 cf. Sar. log. offérrere; cf. los prèstetos preferire, referire
219 cf. Sar. log. offer; cf. the preferred loans, refer

220 Cui, la alternantia r(→ri), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
220 Cui, the alternation r(→ri), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

221 Lo adjectivo sequènte (como lo substantivo sequèntia) presènta -è- et non -i- per que èst uno derivato de lo part. presènte latino, onde lo vèrbo èra de la conjugatione 3ª.
The following adjective (like the noun sequèntia) presents -è- and not -i- because it is derived from the Latin present participle, where the verb was from the 3rd conjugation.

222 Lo adjectivo consequènte presènta -è- et non -i- per que èst uno derivato de lo part. presènte latino, onde lo
The adjective consequent presents -è- and not -i- because it is derived from the Latin present participle, where the

vèrbo èra de la conjugatione 3ª.
The verb was of the 3rd conjugation.

223 En lo vèrbo fugire (< Lat. vul. fugire, mais Lat. fugĕre.), lo italiano et lo rumèno presèntan formas sene palatalizzare como Ita. fuggo, Rum. fug, plus pròprias de la conjugatione 3ª. Non obstante, lo neolatino presènta fuggîo, en plus de fugîo. Secondo lo FEW, lo romance continúa solamente fugire, si bène en francese “ist es zeitweise wiederum von den verben auf –re attrahiert worden”.
223 In the verb fugire (< Lat. vul. fugire , mais Lat. fugĕre .), Italian and Romanian present forms without palatalization like Ita. fuggo , Rum. fug , more typical of the conjugation 3a. However, Neo-Latin has fuggîo , in addition to fugîo . According to the FEW, the romance continues only to flee , if bène in French "is sometimes attracted again from the verben auf -re ".

COLPIRE

(derivato de còlpo)
(derivative of blow)

roman.novel.

4th


o→ò



(→isc.)


DESVESTIREUNDRESS

(derivato de vestire)
(derived from dressing)

roman.novel.

4th


e→è


224

(→isc.)


EVENIRE

presta.loan.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)



CONSTRUIREBUILD

presta.loan.

4th


u→ú



(→isc.)


EXPEDIREEXPEDITE

(cf. espedire here.)

presta.loan.

4th


e→è



(→isc.)


PREFERIREPREFER TO

(cf. offerire here.)
(see offer here.)

presta.loan.

4th


e→è



(→isc.)


REFERIREREFER TO

(cf. offerire here.)
(see offer here.)

presta.loan.

4th


e→è



(→isc.)


UNIREUNITE

presta.loan.

4th





(→isc.)


PROHIBIREPROHIBIT

presta.loan.

4ª (<2ª)4th (<2nd)





(→isc.)


DIVERTIREAMUSE

(< Lat. DIVERTĔRE)(Divert)

presta.loan.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


e→è



(→isc.)


FLUIRE

(< Lat. FLŬĔRE)To flow

presta.loan.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


u→ú



(→isc.)



8. 2. REVISIONE DE LO NEOLATINO (2012 vs. actuale)
8.2. REVISION OF NEOLATIN (2012 vs. current)

Lo projècto Vía Neolatina, pòs annos de estudio, publicau en 2012 una propòsta de modèllo de lengua aut estàndarde linguístico “con las caracteristicas communes o mais generales de las varietates de romance parlatas per los diversos popolos neolatinos”. Et cuello modèllo de lengua ha essuto provato/usato oralemente et per escripto durante annos per uno gruppetto de personas, principalemente mèmbros de lo projècto (Mòstra de la quantitate de tèxtos producitos èst lo Còrpus de tèxtos en neolatino, que summa mais de 125 pàginas et mais de
The Vía Neolatina project, after years of study, published in 2012 a proposal for a model of high linguistic standard language "with the common or more general characteristics of the Romance varieties spoken by the various Neolatin peoples. This model of language has been tested / used orally and in writing for years by a group of people, mainly members of the project (Sample of the quantity of texts produced is the Corpus of texts in Neolatin , which totals more than 125 pages and more than

48.000 paraulas).
48,000 words.

Non obstante, cuello documènto de presentatione, titulato Elemèntos essenziales del romance neolatino, èra una “pettitta contribuzione [...] al processo de codificazione neolatina”. Et en elle una nota indicava que:
Notwithstanding, this presentation document, titled Essential Elements of Neo-Latin Romance, was a "small contribution [...] to the process of Neo-Latin codification." And in it, a note indicated that:

En lo futuro, lo proiecto Via Neolatina espera potere contribuire una opera plus completa e correcta de possibiles errores.
In the future, the Via Neolatina project hopes to contribute a more complete and accurate work of possible errors.

Por mellîorare cuella propòsta, Vía Neolatina initiau en 2016 una revisione de qualques aspèctos insatisfactòrios de lo modèllo initiale. Uno anno depòs, en decèmbre de 2017, lo documènto Principios de desegno de lo romànece neolatino includeva la sequènte nòta:
To improve that proposal, Vía Neolatina began in 2016 a review of some unsatisfactory aspects of the initial model. One year later, in December 2017, the document Principles of the Design of Neolatin Romance included the following note:

Lo modèllo de lengua usato en la redaczione de lo presènte documènto introducet qualques innovaziones, como per exèmplo: práctica → pràctica; havere → avere; besogna → besonha; teoria teoría; complementário → complementario [con diptòngo]; canta → cantat; ja, que, sí → jam, qued, sic. Non obstante, cuestos cambios son provisionales: deven èssere ancora confirmatos con los nòvos principios.
The language model used in the writing of this document introduced some innovations, such as: practice → practice ; other → other ; need → need ; theorytheory ; complementary → complementary [with diphthong]; sings → sung ; already, that, yes → already, qued, sic . However, these changes are provisional: they must still be confirmed with the new principles.


224 Cui, la alternantia t(→ts), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
224 Cui, the alternation t(→ts), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

Vía Neolatina ha continuato la revisione, en parte modificando qualques innovationes experimentatas durante lo procèsso (como besonha → besonnîa; jam, qued, sic → ja, que, sí; avere → havere/avere; cantat → canta/cantat). Et finalemente, en 2019, substituiu lo documènto Elemèntos essenziales del romance neolatino (2012) per una Grammàtica Essentiale Neolatina (GEN) et uno Dictionario Essentiale Neolatino (DEN). Cuestos nòvos documèntos proponen uno neolatino mellîorato, et son actualizzatos ad mesura que avantsa lo procèsso de revisione.
Via Neolatina has continued the revision, partly modifying some innovations experienced during the process (such as besonha → besonnîa ; jam, qued, sic → already, that, yes ; avere → havere/avere ; cantat → canta/cantat ). And finally, in 2019, it replaced the document Elementos essenziales del romance neolatino (2012) with a Grammàtica Essentialale Neolatino (GEN) and a Dictionario Essentialale Neolatino (DEN). These new documents propose an improved Neo-Latin, and are updated as the revision process progresses.

Los sequèntes pontos sumarizzan los principales cambios de lo neolatino en comparatione con lo modèllo de 2012:
The following points summarize the main changes of Neo-Latin in comparison with the 2012 model:


Accènto gràfico sopre la vocale a:
Graphic accent on the vowel a:

  1. protètica ante s + consonante:
    prosthetic before s + consonant:


Derivatos de ecce:
Derivatives of ecce:

ÍndiceIndex

9. BIBLIOGRAFÍA
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

9. 1. BIBLIOGRAFÍA CITATA
9. 1. CITED BIBLIOGRAPHY

BASSOLS DE CLIMENT, Mariano (1983). Fonetica latina. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
BASSOLS DE CLIMENT, Mariano (1983). Latin Phonetics. Madrid: Higher Council for Scientific Research.

BATLLORI, Montserrat, Beatriz BLECUA et Assumpció ROST (2009) «Evolución y adquisición fonológica de la fricativa labiodental sonora en español» en Diachronic linguistics (Joan Rafel, coord.). Girona: Documenta Universitaria.
B ATLLORI , Montserrat, Beatriz B LECUA et Assumpció ROST (2009) "Evolution and phonological acquisition of the voiced labiodental fricative in Spanish" in Diachronic linguistics (Joan Rafel, coord.). Girona: Documenta Universitaria.

BERTINETTO, Pier Marco et Michele LOPORCARO (2005) "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" en Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

CAMPOS LIMA, [João Evangelista] (1948) Gramática Internacional. Lisboa: Campos Lima. CANEPARI, Luciano (2008). La pronuncia «neutra, internazionale» del latino classico. S.c.: s.e.
CAMPOS LIMA, [João Evangelista] (1948) International Grammar. Lisbon: Campos Lima. CANEPARI, Luciano (2008). The "neutral, international" pronunciation of classical Latin. s.c.: s.e.

CASSANY, Jordi (2012) Elemèntos essenziales del romance neolatino. València: Vía Neolatina. (2017) Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino. Bucureste: Vía Neolatina.
CASSANY, Jordi (2012) Essential elements of the neo-Latin romance. Valencia: Via Neolatina. (2017) Design principles of the Neo-Latin romance. Bucharest: Via Neolatina.

COROMINES, Joan i José Antonio PASCUAL. Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (DCECH). Madrid: Gredos, 1980-1991.
COROMINES, Joan and José Antonio PASCUAL. Critical Etymological Dictionary of Spanish and Hispanic (DCECH). Madrid: Gredos, 1980-1991.

ENCUENTRA ORTEGA, Alfredo (2011) Latinum per se: Método progresivo de latín. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza.
FIND ORTEGA, Alfredo (2011) Latinum per se: Progressive method of Latin. Zaragoza: University Press of Zaragoza.

HUALDE, José Ignacio (2014) Los sonidos del español. Cambrige: Cambrige University Press.
HUALDE, José Ignacio (2014) The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

IBĂŞESCU, Cristina (1970) «Sobre la existencia de una fricativa labiodental sonora [v] en el español cubano» en Actas del Tercer Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas (Carlos H. Magis, coord.). México: El Colegio de México.
IBĂŞESCU, Cristina (1970) "On the existence of a voiced labiodental fricative [v] in Cuban Spanish" in Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Hispanists (Carlos H. Magis, ed.). Mexico: El Colegio de México.

JENSEN, Frede (1999) A comparative study of Romance. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

LAMUELA, Xavier et Virgil ANI (2006) El romanès: Estudi comparatiu entre la gramàtica del català i la del romanès. Barcelona: Departament de Benestar i Família (Generalitat de Catalunya).
LAMUELA, Xavier and Virgil ANI (2006) Romanian: Comparative Study between the Grammar of Catalan and Romanian. Barcelona: Department of Welfare and Family (Government of Catalonia).

LAUSBERG, Heinrich (1993 [1965]). Lingüística románica: Fonética. Madrid: Gredos. LAUSBERG, Heinrich (1988 [1966]). Lingüística románica: Morfología. Madrid: Gredos.
LAUSBERG, Heinrich (1993 [1965]). Romance linguistics: Phonetics. Madrid: Gredos. LAUSBERG, Heinrich (1988 [1966]). Romance linguistics: Morphology. Madrid: Gredos.

MARKIČ, Jasmina (2017) «Algunos aspectos fonético-fonológicos del español de colombia» en
MARKIČ, Jasmina (2017) "Some phonetic-phonological aspects of Colombian Spanish" in

Lingüística, vol. 57, n. 1 (enero). Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete.
Linguistics, vol. 57, no. 1 (January). Ljubljana: Scientific Publishing of the Faculty of Arts.

METZELTIN, Miguel (2004) Las lenguas románicas estándar: Historia de su formación y de su uso. Uviéu: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana.
METZELTIN, Miguel (2004) The Standard Romance Languages: History of Their Formation and Use. Oviedo: Academy of the Asturian Language.

MOLINA YÉVENES, José (1993). Iniciación a la fonética, fonología y morfología latinas.
MOLINA YÉVENES, José (1993). Introduction to Latin phonetics, phonology and morphology.

Barcelona: Publicacions Universitat de Barcelona.
Barcelona: Publications University of Barcelona.

MORANI, Moreno (2000). Introduzione alla linguistica latina. München: Lincom Europa. MÜLLER-LANCÉ, Johannes (2006). Latein für Romanisten. Tübingen: Narr.
MORANI, Moreno (2000). Introduction to Latin linguistics. Munich: Lincom Europe. MÜLLER-LANCÉ, Johannes (2006). Latin for Romanists. Tübingen: Fool.

PANHUIS, Dirk (2009 [1998]). Latin Grammar. S.c.: University of Michigan Press.

PATOTA, Giuseppe (2002) Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell’italiano. Bologna: Il Mulino. POSNER, Rebecca (1996) The Romance Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
PATOTA, Giuseppe (2002) Outlines of historical grammar of Italian. Bologna: The Mill. POSNER, Rebecca (1996) The Romance Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

STROH, Wilfried (2009 [2007]) Le latin est mort, vive le latin!: Petite histoire d’une grande langue. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
STROH, Wilfried (2009 [2007]) Latin is dead, long live Latin!: A short history of a great language. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

TOURATIER, Christian (2008). Grammaire latine. Paris: Sedes.
TOURATIER, Christian (2008). Latin grammar. Paris: Sedes.


9. 2. BIBLIOGRAFIA ET LIGÀMENES RECOMMANDATOS
9.2. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RECOMMENDED LINKS

9. 2. 1. BIBLIOGRAFIA RECOMMANDATA
9. 2. 1. RECOMMENDED BIBLIOGRAPHY

9. 2. 1. 1. Grammàticas comparatas
9. 2. 1. 1. Comparative grammars


REINHEIMER, Sandra et Liliane TASMOWSKI. Pratique des Langues Romanes: espagnol, français, italien, portugais, roumain. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997. [Contène altrosí uno dictionario fra. ita. por. rom. cas. et lat. de 1.800 paraulas]
R EINHEIMER , Sandra and Liliane T ASMOWSKI . Practice of Romance Languages: Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian . Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997. [Contène altrosí uno dictionario fra. that. can. rom. case. et lat. of 1,800 words]

SCHMIDELY, Jack (coord.), Manuel ALVAR et Carmen HERNÁNDEZ: De una a cuatro lenguas. Intercomprensión románica: del español al portugués, al italiano y al francés. Madrid: Arco Libros, 2001.
SCHMIDELY, Jack (coord.), Manuel ALVAR and Carmen HERNÁNDEZ: From One to Four Languages. Romance Intercomprehension: from Spanish to Portuguese, Italian, and French. Madrid: Arco Libros, 2001.

TEYSSIER, Paul: Comprendre les langues romanes. Du français à l’espagnol, au portugais, à l’italien & au roumain. Méthode d’intercompréhension. París: Chandeigne, 2004.
TEYSSIER, Paul: Understanding Romance Languages. From French to Spanish, Portuguese, Italian & Romanian. Method of Intercomprehension. Paris: Chandeigne, 2004.


9. 2. 1. 2. Dictionarios multilingues
9. 2. 1. 2. Multilingual dictionaries

VVAA: Diccionario Multilingüe (Español, Catalán, Euskera, Gallego, Portugués, Inglés, Francés, Alemán, Italiano, Ruso). Barcelona: Carroggio, 2004.
VVAA: Multilingual Dictionary (Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Portuguese, English, French, German, Italian, Russian). Barcelona: Carroggio, 2004.


9. 2. 1. 3. Mètodos de intercomprehensione
9. 2. 1. 3. Methods of intercomprehension

BONVINO, Elisabetta, Sandrine CADDEO, Eulalia VILAGINES SERRA et Salvador PIPPA. Eurom5: leggere e capire 5 lingue romanze. Milano: Hoepli, 2011.
BONVINO, Elisabetta, Sandrine CADDEO, Eulalia VILAGINES SERRA, and Salvador PIPPA. Eurom5: reading and understanding 5 Romance languages. Milan: Hoepli, 2011.

GIUDICETTI, Gian Paolo, Costantino C.M. MAEDER, Horst G. KLEIN et Tilbert D. STEGMANN. EuroComRom - I sette setacci: Impara a leggere le lingue romanze! Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 2002. [Disponíbile, altrosí, en altros romances]
G IUDICETTI , Gian Paolo, Costantino CM M AEDER , Horst G. K LEIN and Tilbert D. S TEGMANN . EuroComRom - The seven sieves: Learn to read Romance languages! Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 2002. [Available, elsewhere, in other romances]


9. 2. 2. LIGÀMENES RECOMMANDATOS 225
9. 2. 2. RECOMMENDED LIGAMENTS 225

9. 2. 2. 1. Grammàticas comparatas
9. 2. 2. 1. Comparative grammars

Romanica Intercom (de Eulàlia Vilaginés Serra. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2007).
Romanica Intercom (by Eulàlia Vilaginés Serra. Barcelona: University of Barcelona, ​​2007).

Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.romanicaintercom.com/
Free consultation at: http://www.romanicaintercom.com/


9. 2. 2. 2. Dictionarios monolingues
9. 2. 2. 2. Monolingual dictionaries

Diccionario de la Lengua Española (VVAA. Madrid: Real Academia Española, 2001), con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/
Dictionary of the Spanish Language (VVAA. Madrid: Royal Spanish Academy, 2001), with etymological information. Free consultation at: http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/

Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa – com Acordo Ortográfico (VVAA. Porto: Porto Editora, 2011), con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.infopedia.pt/lingua-portuguesa/
Dictionary of the Portuguese Language – with Spelling Agreement (VVAA. Porto: Porto Editora, 2011), with etymological information. Free consultation at: http://www.infopedia.pt/lingua-portuguesa/


225 Consultatos lo 31 de decèmbre de 2011.
225 Retrieved 31 December 2011.

Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române (VVAA. Academia Română, 1998), dictionario de rumèno con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://dexonline.ro/
Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language (VVAA. Romanian Academy, 1998), dictionario de rumèno con informatione etimològica. Free consultations en: http://dexonline.ro/

Dizionario di Italiano on-line (VVAA. Milano: Garzanti Linguistica), con informatione fonètica, morfològica et etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://garzantilinguistica.sapere.it/
Online Italian dictionary (VVAA. Milan: Garzanti Linguistica), with phonetic, morphological and etymological information. Free consultation en: http://garzantilinguistica.sapere.it/

Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana (GDLC) (VVAA. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1998), con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.diccionari.cat/
Great Dictionary of the Catalan Language (GDLC) (VVAA. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1998), with etymological information. Free consultation at: http://www.diccionari.cat/

Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé (Dirs. Paul Imbs et Bernard Quémada. Paris: CNRS, 1971-1994), diccionario de francese con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://atilf.atilf.fr/
Treasure of the Computerized French Language (Dirs. Paul Imbs and Bernard Quémada. Paris: CNRS, 1971-1994), French dictionary with etymological information. Free consultation at: http://atilf.atilf.fr/


9. 2. 2. 3. Dictionarios plurilingues
9. 2. 2. 3. Multilingual dictionaries

Diccionari de la llengua catalana multilingüe (VVAA. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana), que include los romances catalano, castellano et francese. Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.grec.cat/cgibin/mlt00.pgm
Multilingual dictionary of the Catalan language (VVAA. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana), which includes Catalan, Spanish, and French romances. Free consultation at: http://www.grec.cat/cgibin/mlt00.pgm

Diccionario Espasa Grand: Español-Francés Français-Espagnol (VVAA. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 2000). Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.wordreference.com/esfr/
Diccionario Espasa Grand: Español-Francés Français-Espagnol (VVAA. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 2000). Free consultation at: http://www.wordreference.com/esfr/

Dicţionar Altadict (Bucarest: Altalingua EES), dictionario bilingue rumèno-anglese et anglese- rumèno. http://www.altadict.ro/
Altadict Dictionary (Bucharest: Altalingua EES), bilingual Romanian-English and English-Romanian dictionary. http://www.altadict.ro/

Dizionario di Francese on-line (VVAA. Milano: Garzanti Linguistica), dictionario bilingue italiano-francese et francese-italiano. Consultatione gratuita en: http://garzantilinguistica.sapere.it/
Online French dictionary (VVAA. Milan: Garzanti Linguistica), bilingual Italian-French and French-Italian dictionary. Free consultation en: http://garzantilinguistica.sapere.it/

Gran diccionario español-portugués português-espanhol (VVAA. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 2001). Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.wordreference.com/espt/
Great Spanish-Portuguese Portuguese-Spanish Dictionary (VVAA. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 2001). Free consultation at: http://www.wordreference.com/espt/

Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (de W. Meyer-Lübke. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1911), con los ètimos de lo lèxico eredetato (non lo lèxico culto) de lo romance et los divèrsos cognatos. Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.archive.org/stream/romanischesetymo00meyeuoft#page/n6/mode/1up
Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (by W. Meyer-Lübke. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1911), with the etymologies of the inherited lexicon (not the cult lexicon) of Romance and its various cognates. Free consultation at: http://www.archive.org/stream/romanischesetymo00meyeuoft#page/n6/mode/1up