ÍndiceIndex

GRAMMÀTICAGRAMMAR

E S S E N T I A L EESSENTIAL

J O R D I C A S S A N Y - B A T E S
JORDI CASSANY - BATES

Bucureste, Vía Neolatina, 2019 [Actualizzatione: 17/3/20] 2ª editione partiale, mellîorata et ampliata, de
Bucharest, Neolatina Way, 2019 [Update: 17/3/20] 2nd partial edition, improved and expanded, of

Elemèntos essenziales del romance neolatino,
Essential elements of the Neo-Latin romance,

òpera registrata lo 5 de janario de 2012 en lo
recorded opera on January 5, 2012 in the

Registre de la Propietat Intel·lectual de la Comunitat Valenciana
Intellectual Property Registry of the Valencian Community

con lo nómero de sollicitúdine V-20-12.
with the number of application V-20-12.

Uno projècto que communica los d i v è r s o s p ò p o l o s n e o l a t i n o s attravèrso de loro mesma “ lengua”: l o r o m a n c e ; et los divèrsos pòpolos europèos attravèrso de loros “lenguas” sorores: lo romance, lo germànico, lo slavo,...
A project that communicates the various Neolatinos through their own "language": romance ; and the various European peoples through their sister "languages": Romance , Germanic , Slavic ,...

2 0 0 6 - 2 0 2 0

www.neolatino.eu

"Lo latino continúa vivo en las lenguas romànicas, lo italiano, lo francese, lo espannîolo, etc., lenguas exitas de lo latino. En facto, ellas non son altra causa que lo latino reale de hòjje."
"Latin continues to live on in the Romance languages, Italian, French, Spanish, etc., languages born from Latin. In fact, they are nothing other than the real Latin of today."

Wilfried Stroh, Universitate de Mònaco de Baviera (2009: 13)
Wilfried Stroh, University of Munich (2009: 13)

"Per comparatione et contrasto entre las divèrsas lenguas romànicas èst possíbile arripare ad unos tractos communes que comparten totas ellas, aut en la soa majoritate, mais que diffèren de lo latino escripto et normativo. Cuestos tractos se explican per que son desveloppos de lo latino parlato et colloquiale (familiaris), extenduto per tota la Romania (territòrios latinoparlantes de lo Impèrio) ante de que cuesta se dividesse en distintas communitates socio-políticas depòs las invasiones estrangèras et se accentuassen las differèntias locales."
"By comparison and contrast between the various Romance languages ​​it is possible to arrive at some common features that all of them share, high in their majority, but that differ from written and normative Latin. These features are explained because they are developed from spoken Latin et colloquiale ( familiaris ), extended throughout Romania (Latin-speaking territories of the Empire) before it became divided into different socio-political communities after foreign invasions and local differences were accentuated.

Alfredo Encuentra, Universitate de Zaragoza (2011: 14)
Alfredo Encuentra, University of Zaragoza (2011: 14)

"Malgrado la grande variatione que offèren los idiomas romànicos, la soa evolutione et las soas structuras presèntan tantos tractos communes que se pòte parlare de uno tipo linguístico romànico. Ello èst devuto non solo ad uno patrimònio lèxico heredetato et una idiosincrasía structurale communes, mais altrosí ad la constante presèntia de modèllos grammaticales et textuales latinos en la cultura de Occidènte et ad las recíprocas influèntias en divèrsas èpocas de las culturas romana et romànicas."
"Despite the great variation offered by Romance languages, their evolution and structures present so many common traits that one can speak of a Romance linguistic type. This is due not only to a shared lexical heritage and common structural idiosyncrasies, but also to the constant presence of Latin grammatical and textual models in Western culture and to the reciprocal influences at various times between Roman and Romance cultures."

Miguel Metzeltin, Universitate de Viènna (2004: 45)
Miguel Metzeltin, University of Vienna (2004: 45)

"Cuello plus notàbile de lo romance èst [...] quànto non ha cambiato, quànto stàbiles han remanuto las lenguas ad lo lòngo de doos mille annos, de manaria que en cèrto sènso pòten sequire essèndo consideratas una única unitate linguística."
"The most remarkable thing about Romance is [...] how much it has not changed, how stable the languages ​​have remained over the course of two thousand years, so that in a sense they can continue to be considered a single linguistic unit.

Rebecca Posner, Universitate de Òxford (1996: 283)
Rebecca Posner, University of Oxford (1996: 283)

"Totos los mèmbros de la familia [latina] sapen, aut sènten, que las frontarias entre las loros lenguas son frontarias transparèntes, que se pòten traversare en qualonque momènto, spontàneamente et sene formalitate."
"All members of the [Latin] family know, or feel, that the boundaries between their languages are transparent boundaries, which can be crossed at any moment, spontaneously and without formality."

Unione Latina1Latin Union

"Non èst impossíbile concepere una interlengua romànica."
"It is not impossible to conceive a Romance interlanguage."

Rebecca Posner, Universitate de Òxford (1996: 344)
Rebecca Posner, University of Oxford (1996: 344)

1 http://www.unilat.org/SG/Organisation/Presentation/Latinite/index.fr.asp (30/05/10)
1 http://www.unilat.org/SG/Organisation/Presentation/Latinite/index.en.asp (30/05/10)

‌ÍNDICEINDEX

1. PRÒLOGO 6PROLOGUE 6

2. INTRODUCTIONE 8

   2. 1. DESCRIPTIONE DE LA ÒPERA 9
   2. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERA 9

   2. 2. ABBREVIATURAS ET SÍMBOLOS 10
   2. 2. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 10

3. SÒNOS ET ORTOGRAFÍA 13
   SOUNDS AND SPELLING 13

   3. 1. SÒNOS FUNDAMENTALES ET VARIANTES 13
   3.1. FUNDAMENTAL SOUNDS AND VARIANTS 13

   3. 1. 1. VOCALES 16
   3. 1. 1. VOWELS 16

   3. 1. 2. CONSONANTES 18
   3. 1. 2. CONSONANTS 18

   3. 2. ORTOGRAFÍA 21
   3. 2. SPELLING 21

   3. 2. 1. ABECEDARIO 21
   3. 2. 1. ALPHABET 21

   3. 2. 2. MÚLTIPLES ORTOGRAFÍAS ROMÀNICAS 22
   3. 2. 2. MULTIPLE ROMANIC SPELLINGS 22

   3. 2. 3. UNA ORTOGRAFÍA NEOLATINA INTUITIVA ET FLEXÍBILE 24
   3. 2. 3. AN INTUITIVE AND FLEXIBLE NEO-LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY 24

   3. 2. 5. ACCENTUATIONE 35
   3. 2. 5. ACCENTUATION 35

   3. 3. PRONUNTIATIONE 36
   3. 3. PRONUNCIATION 36

   3. 3. 1. QUANTITATE VOCÀLICA 36
   3. 3. 1. VOWEL QUANTITY 36

   3. 3. 2. QUANTITATE CONSONÀNTICA 37
   3. 3. 2. QUANTITATIVE CONSONANCE 37

   3. 3. 3. SIMPLIFICATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS 38
   3. 3. 3. CONSONANT SIMPLIFICATIONS 38

   3. 3. 4. ASSIMILATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS 39
   3. 3. 4. CONSONANT ASSIMILATIONS 39

   3. 3. 4. REFORTSAMÈNTO FONETICOSINTÀCTICO 39
   3. 3. 4. PHONETIC-SYNTACTIC REFORMULATION 39

   3. 3. 5. PRONUNTIATIONES REGIONALES 42
   3. 3. 5. REGIONAL PRONUNCIATIONS 42

4. MORFOLOGÍA NOMINALE 44
   NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY 44

   4. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES 44
   4. 1. GENERAL QUESTIONS 44

   4. 2. SUBSTANTIVOS ET ADJECTIVOS: GÈNERE 44
   4.2. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: GENDER 44

   4. 3. SUBSTANTIOS ET ADJECTIVOS: NÚMERO 45
   4. 3. SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES: NUMBER 45

   4. 4. PRONOMES PERSONALES 46
   4. 4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 46

   4. 5. RELATIVOS 46
   4. 5. RELATIVES 46

   4. 6. ARTÍCULOS 47
   4. 6. ARTICLES 47

   4. 7. POSSESSIVOS 47
   4. 7. POSSESSIVES 47

   4. 8. DEMOSTRATIVOS 48
   4. 8. DEMONSTRATIVES 48

   4. 9. INTERROGATIVOS 48
   4. 9. INTERROGATIVES 48

   4. 10. INDEFINITOS ET QUANTITATIVOS 48
   4. 10. INDEFINITE AND QUANTITATIVE 48

   4. 11. NUMERALES 49
   4. 11. NUMERALS 49

5. MORFOLOGÍA VERBALE 51
   VERBAL MORPHOLOGY 51

   5. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES 51
   5. 1. GENERAL QUESTIONS 51

   5. 1. 1. FLEXIONE 51
   5. 1. 1. FLEXION 51

   5. 1. 2. VÈRBOS AUXILIARES 53
   5. 1. 2. AUXILIARY VERBS 53

   5. 2. VÈRBOS REGULARES 53
   5. 2. REGULAR VERBS 53

   5. 2. 1. CONJUGATIONES 53
   5. 2. 1. CONJUGATIONS 53

   5. 2. 2. MODÈLLOS DE LAS CONJUGATIONES 54
   5. 2. 2. MODELS OF CONJUGATIONS 54

   5. 4. MORFÈMAS VERBALES 56
   5.4. VERBAL MORPHEMES 56

   5. 4. 1. VOCALE TEMÀTICA 56
   5. 4. 1. THEMATIC VOCAL 56

   5. 4. 2. PERSONA, NÚMERO 57
   5. 4. 2. PERSONA, NUMBER 57

   5. 4. 3. TÈMPO, ASPÈCTO, MÒDO 58
   5. 4. 3. TIME, ASPECT, MODE 58

   5. 5. ALTERANANTIAS 61
   5. 5. ALTERNATIVES 61

   5. 5. 1. ALTERNANTIAS ACCENTUALES 62
   5. 5. 1. ACCENTUAL ALTERNATIONS 62

   5. 5. 2. ALTERATIONES VOCÀLICAS 63
   5. 5. 2. VOWEL ALTERATIONS 63

   5. 5. 3. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (1) 65
   5. 5. 3. CONSONANT ALTERATIONS (1) 65

   5. 5. 4. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (2): PER IÒD 67
   5. 5. 4. CONSONANT ALTERATIONS (2): PER IÒD 67

   5. 5. 5. VÈRBOS CON INFIXO –ESC- / –ISC 69
   5. 5. 5. VERBS WITH INFIX –ESC- / –ISC 69

   5. 5. 6. ALTRAS ALTERNANTIAS 71
   5. 5. 6. OTHER ALTERNATIVES 71

   5. 5. 7. MODÈLLOS CON ALTERNANTIAS 72
   5. 5. 7. MODELS WITH ALTERNATIVES 72

   5. 6. VÈRBOS IRREGULARES 96
   5. 6. IRREGULAR VERBS 96

6. LÈXICO INVARIÀBILE 106
   INVARIABLE LEXICON 106

   6. 1. CONJUNCTIONES 106
   6. 1. CONJUNCTIONS 106

   6. 2. PREPOSITIONES 106
   6. 2. PREPOSITIONS 106

   6. 2. 1. PREPOSITIONES DE LÒCO 106
   6. 2. 1. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE 106

   6. 2. 2. PREPOSITIONES DE TÈMPO 107
   6. 2. 2. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 107

   6. 3. ADVÈRBIOS 107
   6. 3. ADVERBS 107

   6. 3. 1. AFFIRMATIONE, NEGATIONE 107
   6. 3. 1. AFFIRMATION, NEGATION 107

   6. 3. 2. LÒCO 107

   6. 3. 3. TÈMPO 107
   6. 3. 3. TIME 107

   6. 3. 4. MANARIA, QUANTITATE ET ALTROS 107
   6. 3. 4. MANARIA, QUANTITY AND OTHERS 107

   6. 3. 5. ADVÈRBIOS EN –MENTE 107
   6. 3. 5. ADVERBS IN –MENTE 107

7. SINTAXE 109

   7. 1. SINTAGMA NOMINALE 109
   7. 1. NOMINAL SYNTAGMA 109

   7. 2. SINTAGMA VERBALE 109
   7. 2. VERBAL SYNTAGMA 109

   7. 2. STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS ESSENTIALES 109
   7. 2. ESSENTIAL SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES 109

   7. 3. ALTRAS STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS 109
   7. 3. OTHER SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES 109

8. APPENDICES 111

   8. 1. ALTERNANTIAS DE LOS VÈRBOS ESSENTIALES 111
   8. 1. ALTERNATIONS OF THE ESSENTIAL VERBS 111

   8. 2. REVISIONE DE LO NEOLATINO (2012 vs. actuale) 124
   8.2. REVISION OF NEOLATIN (2012 vs. current) 124

9. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 131
   BIBLIOGRAPHY 131

1. ‌PRÒLOGOPROLOGUE

   Los pòpolos latinos, tanto entro Euròpa quanto fòra, mancan de uno modèllo de lengua (neo)latina commune dès que lo latino et pòs lo francese han essuto desplattsatos en la communicatione internationale per una lengua de orígine germànico, lo anglese, de crescènte uso globale.
   Latin peoples, both within Europe and outside, lack a common (neo)Latin language model since Latin and then French have been displaced in international communication by a language of Germanic origin, English, of increasing global use .

   Por facilitare et altrosí dignificare la communicatione inter- et panlatina actuale, lo projècto Vía Neolatina ha recuperato et actualizzato lo latino, orígine de las lenguas neolatinas aut romànicas et traditionale stàndarde commune. Lo modèllo de lengua que presènta cui èst una síntese de la variatione romànica que pròva de essere representativa de lo ensèmole; una varietate nòva et commune mais en lo mesmo tèmpo naturale et plurale que permette ad lo usuario communicare-se en toto lo Mondo Latino adaptando-la ad los soos interèsses et necessitates. Èst útile tanto ad latinos quanto ad non latinos que necessitan una pòrta de ingrèsso centrale ad lo romance, uno pònte vèrso divèrsos romances particulares.
   To facilitate and also dignify the current inter- and pan-Latin communication, the Vía Neolatina project has recovered and updated Latin, the origin of the Neo-Latin or Romance languages and the traditional common standard. The language model presented is a synthesis of the Romance variation that aims to be representative of the ensemble; a new and common variety but at the same time natural and plural that allows the user to communicate throughout the Latin World, adapting it to their interests and needs. It is useful for both Latinos and non-Latinos who need a central gateway to Romance, a bridge towards various specific Romances.

   Cuesta Slopepropòstaproposal de stàndarde, que pòte essere clamata 'romance neolatino' aut 'NEOLATINO', recòrda ad la
   the standards, which can be called 'Romance Neolatin' or 'NEOLATINO', recalls to thelingua romana
   Romanian language(1889) de Stefan George (Alemannîa), una lengua poètica que lo escriptore usau en parte de la soa òpera lírica. En plus, èst molto semelante ad lo
   (1889) by Stefan George (Alemannia), a poetic language that the writer used in part of his lyrical work. Moreover, it is very similar to theneolatinoneolatin (1947) de André Schild (Esviza) et lo
   (1947) by André Schild (Esviza) and theinternacional
   international (1948) de João Campos Lima (Portugale), propòstos por la communicatione internationale como alternativa ad lo esperanto; ad la
   (1948) by João Campos Lima (Portugal), proposed for international communication as an alternative to Esperanto; to theinterlingua romanicaromance (2001) de Richard Sorfleet (Canadà) et Josu Lavin (Espannîa, Paese Basco) et lo
   (2001) by Richard Sorfleet (Canada) and Josu Lavin (Spain, Basque Country) and theinterromanicointerromanic (2017) de Raymund Zacharias (Alemannîa) et Thiago Sanctus (Brasile), propòstos por la communicatione panlatina; et ad lo
   (2017) by Raymund Zacharias (Germany) and Thiago Sanctus (Brazil), proposed for pan-Latin communication; and to the loolivarianu (2010) de Clayton Cardoso (Brasile), creato por uno mondo de fictione (la romànicamente cèntrica “ísola de Olivaria”, en lo mare de Sardennîa). Lo anàlise comparativo de cuestas “lenguas” mòstra que son, pròpriamente, variantes de uno mesmo modèllo de lengua (neo)latino, “(re)creato” independèntmente per divèrsos auctores en divèrsos lòcos et tèmpos. Una lengua que, donque, non èst inventata né artificiale.
   (2010) by Clayton Cardoso (Brazil), created by a world of fiction (the Romance-centric "Olivaria Island", in the sea of ​​Sardinia). The comparative analysis of these "languages" shows that they are, in fact, variants of the same model of (neo) Latin language, "(re)created" independently by several authors in several places and times. A language that, therefore, is neither invented nor artificial.

   Vía Neolatina reúne cuestos precedèntes et antecedèntes et continúa lo lavoro, inspirando- se plus fidelemente en las codificationes realizzatas de manaria planificata per specialistas por múltiples lenguas romànicas (catalano, occitano, gallèco, grisone, etc.) et de altro orígine (cèco, norvegese –nynorsk-, grèco, basco, etc.) en los últimos doos sècolos. Los linguistias de Vía Neolatina han codificato lo neolatino tanto scientíficamente quanto ha essuto possíbile secondo claros principios en lo contèxto de la linguística applicata. Gratias ad cuesto, lo neolatino èst, acora sí, una lengua complètamente romànica.
   Vía Neolatina brings together previous and antecedent issues and continues the work, inspiring itself more faithfully in the codifications carried out in a planned manner by specialists for multiple Romance languages ​​(Catalan, Occitan, Gallic, Grisone, etc.) and other origins (Norwegian, etc.). – Nynorsk -, Greek, Basque, etc.) in the last two centuries. The linguists of Vía Neolatina have codified Neolatin as much scientifically as has been possible according to clear principles in the context of applied linguistics. Thanks to this, Neo-Latin is, now, a completely Romance language.

   Per exèmplo, mancavan sònos como las consonantes /ɲ/ et /ʎ/, desconoscutas en latino clàssico mais pròprios de quasi totas las varietates romànicas, inclusive las sèx lenguas plus grandes:
   For example, sounds such as the consonants /ɲ/ and /ʎ/ were missing, unknown in classical Latin but typical of almost all Romance varieties, including the six largest languages:

   • Por. aranha, filha;
     Spider, daughter;

   • Cas. araña, hi/ʎ/a (antico, et dialectale en casos como va/ʎ/e);
     Spider case, hi/ʎ/a (antique, and dialectal in cases like va/ʎ/e);

   • Cat. aranya, filla;
     Cat. spider, daughter;

   • Fra. araignée, fi/ʎ/e (antico et dialectale);
     Spider, fi/ʎ/e (ancient and dialectal);

   • Ita. aragna, figlia;
     Ita. spider, daughter;

   • Rum. râ/ɲ/e, fi/ʎ/e (anticos).

     Uno altro claro exèmplo son las vocales proto-romànicas /ɛ/ et /ɔ/, que en quasi toto lo romance (inclusive las sèx lenguas plus grandes) se consèrvan aut diptòngan (en paraulas hereditarias):
     Another clear example is the proto-Romance vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, which in almost all Romance languages (including the six largest languages) are preserved either by diphthonging (in inherited words):

   • Por. ferro, forte;
     By iron, strong;

   • Cat. ferro, fort;
     Cat. iron, strong;

   • Fra. fer, fort;

   • Ita. ferro, forteIron, strong

   • Cas. hierro, fuerte;
     Cas. iron, strong;

   • Rum. fier, foarte 2.
     Rum. fire, very 2.

     Donque, en lo romance neolatino havemos fèrro, fòrte, arannîa, fillîa, que contrastan con parete, flore, decènnio, rebellione. Sene sònos como cuestos, lo neolatino non sereva una lengua romànica representativa.
     Therefore, in Neo-Latin romance we have iron, strong, spider, daughter, which contrast with wall, flower, decade, rebellion. Without sounds like these, Neo-Latin would not serve as a representative Romance language.

     Como se vede, qualques signos diacríticos son necessarios, como en totas las lenguas romànicas, por representare los sònos que lo latino et lo soo alfabèto desconoscevan. Per sòrte, la frequèntia de cuestos signos en neolatino (approximatamente en lo 3,4 % de las létteras de uno tèxto) està en lo ponto mèdio de las ortografías romànicas (3,5 %, entre lo 1
     As can be seen, some diacritical marks are necessary, as in all Romance languages, to represent the sounds that Latin and its alphabet did not know. Fortunately, the frequency of these signs in Neolatin (approximately in 3.4% of the letters of a text) is in the middle of the Romance spellings (3.5%, between the 1

     % de lo italiano et lo 5,4 % de lo portuguese). En qualonque caso, sèmpre èst possíbile una escriptura sene elles, fòrse plus informale (ferro, forte, arannia, fillia).
     % of Italian and 5.4% of Portuguese). In any case, a writing without them is always possible, perhaps more informal (iron, strong, spider, daughter).

     Èst possíbile legere tèxtos escriptos en neolatino aut adaptatos ad lo neolatino per divèrsos autores dès 2010 en la sectione Tèxtos de lo lòco www.neolatino.eu et en los blogs Mondo Neolatino et Lo espázio. Èst altrosí possíbile apprendere neolatino ad lato/costato de studiantes de toto lo mondo con lo Corso de conversatione neolatina (A1) en la Escòla Neolatina en línea et sequire lo progrèsso de lo projècto en Facebook como ja lo facen centenas de personas.
     It is possible to read texts written in Neolatin aut adapted to Neolatin by various authors since 2010 in the section Texts of the place www.neolatino.eu and in the blogs Mondo Neolatino et Lo espázio . It is also possible to learn Neolatin alongside students from all over the world with the Neolatin Conversation Course (A1) at the Neolatin School online and follow the progress of the project on Facebook as hundreds of people already do.

     En lo contèxto de la crescènte communicatione internationale, lo neolatino èst, donque, lo latino modèrno necessario por complementare los stàndardes romànicos que ja exsisten en la communicatione nationale mais conservando et desveloppando la hereditate latina commune, que forma parte de la meravellîosa et necessaria mais fràgile diversitate linguística et culturale de la Humanitate. Projèctos parallèlos exsisten altrosí por altras familias linguísticas, como la slava (interslavo).
     In the context of growing international communication, Neo-Latin is, therefore, the modern Latin necessary to complement the Romance standards that already exist in national communication but preserving and developing the common Latin heritage, which is part of the wonderful but fragile and necessary linguistic and cultural diversity of Humanity. Parallel projects also exist for other linguistic families, such as Slavic ( InterSlavic ).

     En 2019, lo Anno Internationale de las Lenguas Indígenas (UNESCO), (re)descoperemos la LATINITATE!
     In 2019, the International Year of Indigenous Languages ​​(UNESCO), we will (re)discover LATINITATE!

     
     

     Jordi Cassany Bates Universitate de Bucureste
     Jordi Cassany Bates University of Bucharest

     aprile 2019April 2019

     
     

     2 En rumèno, tanto ŏ brève quanto ō longa latinas > ɔ protoromànica > o̯a. Donque, cui non se distinguen los resultatos de Lat. SŌLE et MŎLA > Rum. soare, moară.
     In Romanian, both short and long Latin vowels > proto-Romanian > o̯a. Therefore, from which the results of Lat. SŌLE and MŎLA are not distinguished > Rum. soare, moară.

     ÍndiceIndex

2. ‌INTRODUCTIONEINTRODUCTION

   Cuesta Grammàtica Essentiale Neolatina et lo Dictionario Essentiale Neolatino elaborato parallèlamente son una nòva contributione de lo projècto Vía Neolatina ad lo procèsso de codificatione panromànica. La grammàtica et lo lèxico que propònen han essuto definitos sequèndo unos principios de desegno que intègran las teorías científicas de la linguística applicata ad la codificatione et las pràcticas de divèrsas codificationes exsistèntes (principalemente, las romànicas plus recèntes). Lo modèllo de lengua resultante correge et mellîora, en qualques pontos, la propòsta initiale facta per Vía Neolatina (Cassany, 2012)3.
   This Essential Neolatin Grammar and the Essential Neolatin Dictionary elaborated in parallel are a new contribution of the Vía Neolatina project to the process of pan-Romance codification. The grammar and vocabulary they propose have been defined according to design principles that integrate the scientific theories of linguistics applied to the codification and the practices of various existing codifications (mainly the most recent Romance). The resulting language model corrects and improves, in some points, the initial proposal made by Vía Neolatina (Cassany, 2012 ) 3 .

   En espèra de futuras editiones plus complètas (et mellîoratas et corrèctas de possíbiles errores), las versiones actuales de la Grammàtica et lo Dictionario offèren unos elemèntos essentiales. Con ellos, lo lectore que conosce una varietate de romance ja pòte initiare-se fàcilemente en lo uso de lo romance neolatino, tanto escripto quanto orale. Altros elemèntos de lo romance neolatino non definitos en cuestas òperas pòten essere supplitos per lo pròprio usuario con uno pauco de ‘instincto romànico’4.
   Awaiting future, more complete (and improved and corrected for possible errors) editions, the current versions of the Grammar and the Dictionary offer some essential elements. With them, the reader who knows a variety of Romance can easily begin to use Neo-Latin Romance, both written and oral. Other elements of Neo-Latin Romance not defined in these works can be supplied by the user themselves with a little bit of 'Romance instinct' 4.

   Lo lectore interessato troparà, en la òpera Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino
   The interested reader will find, in the work Principles of Design of the Neo-Latin Romance

   (Cassany, 2017), una presentatione de lo projècto Vía Neolatina et una expositione de:
   (Cassany, 2017), a presentation of the Vía Neolatina project and an exhibition of:

   • Los objectivos persequitos per Vía Neolatina, justificatos (aut explicatos) con una descriptione de lo contèxto sociolinguístico et una explicitatione de la ideología de lo projècto;
     The objectives pursued through the Neolatin Way, justified (or explained) with a description of the sociolinguistic context and an explanation of the project's ideology;

   • La metodología sequita por consequire los objectivos marcatos. La metodología de codificatione include múltiples critèrios de selectione (aut descarto) de formas et, por resolvere casos diffíciles, qualques recursos.
     The methodology follows to achieve the set objectives. The coding methodology includes multiple selection criteria (self-exclusion) of forms and, to resolve difficult cases, some resources.

Si havetes qualque demanda aut suggerimènto, contactate-nos cui: http://neolatino.eu/nos.html
If you have any questions or suggestions, contact us at: http://neolatino.eu/nos.html

3 Los principales cambios son listatos en lo tèrtso appendice.
The main changes are listed in the attached appendix.

4 Símplicemente, adaptando las formas de lo romance que ja cognosce (aut, preferèntemente, de lo romance plus centrale et símile ad lo neolatino: lo italiano) sequèndo lo exèmplo de los elemèntos cui descriptos. Lo usuario plus exigènte, pòte cercare formas plus neolatinas comparando las de divèrsos romances (por cuesto troparà, en la bibliografía, libros et ligàmenes útiles) et applicando los critèrios et recursos de codificatione expòstos en Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino (Cassany, 2017).
4 Simply, adapting the forms of the Romance he already knows (high, preferably, from the most central Romance and similar to the Neo-Latin: Italian) following the example of the elements described. The more demanding user can search for more Neo-Latin forms by comparing those of several novels (for this reason he will find, in the bibliography, useful books and links) and applying the criteria and resources of codification exposed in Principles of design of the Neo-Latin novel (Cassany, 2017 ).

1. ‌1. DESCRIPTIONE DE LA ÒPERA
   1. DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERA

   La presènte òpera expòne de manaria brève et pràctica los elemèntos grammaticales essentiales de uno romance neolatino:
   The present work briefly and practically exposes the essential grammatical elements of a Neo-Latin Romance.

   • Sònos et ortografía
     Sounds and spelling

   • Bases de morfología nominale et de morfología verbale
     Bases of nominal morphology and verbal morphology

   • Elemèntos grammaticales invariàbiles (prepositiones, etc.)
     Invariable grammatical elements (prepositions, etc.)

   • Bases sintàcticas
     Syntactic bases

En lo appendice se presèntan los cambios (correctiones et mellîoras) de lo modèllo neolatino actuale respècto ad lo propòsto per Vía Neolatina initialemente, en 2012.
The appendix presents the changes (corrections et mellîoras) of the current neolatino model with respect to the proposal for Vía Neolatina initially, in 2012.

1. ‌2. ABBREVIATURAS ET SÍMBOLOS
   2. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

   En la sequènte tabèlla potetes consultare las abbreviaturas et símbolos de divèrso tipo usatos en la presènte òpera.
   In the following table, you can consult the abbreviations and symbols of various types used in the present work.

   
   

   	SIGNIFICATOMEANING	EXÈMPLOSEXAMPLES
   acc.	accusativoaccusative	SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) Subject + Verb + Object (acc.) Josepe ama la vita. Josepe loves life.
   adj., adj., ADJ.	adjectivoadjective	adj. ràpida f. sg. →adv. ràpidamente adj. fast f. sg. → adv. quickly
   		SN. + V. (essere) + ADJ. SN. + V. (to be) + ADJ. Josepe èst simpàtico. Josepe is nice.
   adv., adv.	advèrbioadverb	adj. ràpida f. sg. →adv. ràpidamente adj. fast f. sg. → adv. quickly
   ART.	artículoarticle	ART. [det./indet.] + (ADJ.) N. (+ADJ.) ART. [det./indet.] + (ADJ.) N. (+ADJ.) Los professores jóvenes. The young teachers.
   Cas.Case.	castellanoSpanish	Cas. hierro, fuerte Iron case, strong
   Cat.	catalanocatalan	Cat. ferro, fort Cat. iron, strong
   cf.	compara (lat confer) compare (lat confer)	estrata (cf. vía) strata (cf. way)
   conj.	conjugationeconjugation	-are (deriva de la conj. 1ª latina) -are (derived from the 1st conjugation in Latin)
   dat.	dativodative	SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) + SN. (dat.) Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Indirect Object. Josepe dà la informatione ad uno Josepe gives the information to one. collèga.colleague.
   der.the.	derivatoderivative	[s]oleil der.sun of the.
   det.the.	determinatodetermined	ART. [det./indet.]
   etim.	etimològicoetymological	rhetòrica (variante etim. de retòrica) rhetoric (etymological variant of rhetoric)
   eur.	(portughese) europèoEuropean	eur. ca[β]ra
   f., f.	femeninofemale	bòno m. → bòna f. bòna f. → bòno m.
   Fra.	franceseFrench	Fra. fer, fort
   ger.	gerundiogerund	sequire [ger. et ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-] sequire [ger. and ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-]
   indet.	indeterminato indeterminate	ART. [det./indet.]
   inno.	innovatione propòsta per lo projècto proposed innovation for the project Via Neolatina.	inno. deante (de)
   inv.	invariàbile, sene flexione invariable, without inflection	hi èst sg. ·hi son pl. / hi ha inv. hi is sg. ·hi are pl. / there is inv.
   irr.	vèrbo molto irregulare very irregular verb	havere: irr. to have: irr.
   Ita.Yes.	italianoItalian	Ita. ferro, forteIron, strong
   lat. Lat.	latino	–ire (conj. 4ª lat.) –ire (conj. 4th lat.) Lat. vul AUD < Lat. AUT
   lia.	liaison	che[z] lia.
   m., m.	masculinomale	bòno m. → bòna f. bòna f. → bòno m.
   n., n.	nèutroneutral	3ª ps. sg. n. ello 3rd person singular neuter it
   nom.name.	nominativonominative	SN. + V. (essere) + SN. (nom.) Subject + Verb (to be) + Subject Noun (nominative). Josepe èst studènte. Josepe is a student.
   Occ.	occitanoOccitan	Occ. p[y]r
   pl., pl.	pluraleplural	pl. m. govèrnos pl. m. governments

   Por.For.	romance portughese Portuguese romance	Por. ferro, forte By. iron, strong
   pp.	participio de passato past participle	pp. apèrtopp. open
   ppr.	participio de presènte present participle	sequire [ger. et ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-] sequire [ger. and ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-]
   pron.	pronomepronoun	n. (pron.)
   Rum.	rumènoRomanian	Rum. fierRum. fire
   sg., sg.	singularesingular	pron.	Lei sg., Loro pl., Voi pl. You sg., They pl., You pl.
   SN.	sintagma nominalenoun phrases	SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) Subject + Verb + Object (acc.) Josepe ama la vita. Josepe loves life.
   SP.	sintagma prepositionale prepositional phrase	SN. + V. + SP. Josepe dòrme en lo hostale. Josepe sleeps in the hostel.
   V.	vèrboverb	SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) Subject + Verb + Object (acc.) Josepe ama la vita. Josepe loves life.
   va.	vèrbo auxiliare auxiliary verb	va.	haverehave
   var.	variantevariant	astma (var. asthma) asthma (var. asthma)
   ved.	vedeteyou see	ved. § 3.1.2.3.4§ 3.1.2.3.4
   vi.	vèrbo intransitivo intransitive verb	vi.	bassîare, descendere to descend, to go down
   vn.	vèrbo non personale impersonal verb	vn.	havere-hi, èssere-hi have-be, be-be
   vr.	vèrbo reflexivo reflexive verb	vr.	arrestare-se, detenere-se to arrest oneself, to detain oneself
   vrp.	vèrbo reflexivo pronominale reflexive pronominal verb	vrp.	ire-se-ne
   vt.	vèrbo transitivo transitive verb	vt.	abbassîare, bassîare
   vti.	vèrbo transitivo et intransitivo transitive and intransitive verb	vti.	bassîare
   		vti.	cantaresing
   §	sectionesection	ved. § 3.1.2.3.4§ 3.1.2.3.4
   -	initio de paraula beginning of the word	z- de orígine grèco of Greek origin
   	finale de paraulafinal word	sufixo grèco –iz Greek suffix –iz
   - -	interiore de paraula interior of the word	infixo incoativo -ISC- inchoative infix -ISC-
   [ ]	transcriptione fonètica secondo lo Alfabèto Fonètico Internationale. phonetic transcription according to the International Phonetic Alphabet.	[‘lɛ:ʤeɾe]‘lɛ:ʤeɾe
   \ Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.	variante grammaticale grammatical variant	alcuno\alcunsome
   /	variante (geogràfica, stilística,...) variant (geographical, stylistic,...)	cantarà/cantaràt will sing/will you sing
   		[bd]/[d:]
   		alègre/alègra f. sg. cheerful/happy f. sg.
   ∤ The source text appears to be a symbol (∤) rather than a word or phrase that can be translated. Please provide a different text for translation.	optionesoptions	la quale∤quala fwhich (la quale / la quala) (the one / the one)
   < >	grafèma(s) (ved. § 3.2.2) grapheme(s) (see § 3.2.2)	<c>: [ʧ] ante <e, i> : [ʧ] before
   <	provène de, have lo orígine en comes from, has its origin in	lopos < acc.
   #	arcaicoarchaic	Fra. # châti[ɣ]erTo punish
   *	antico aut minoritario ancient or minority	Cas. * ra[ʣ]ón Cas. * reason
   =	terminatione de una variante termination of a variant	tèrtso =sa f (tèrtso m. · tèrtsa f.)
   ≠ The source text appears to be a symbol (≠) rather than a phrase or sentence. In English, this symbol is read as "not equal to."	terminatione de var. geogràfica, stilística,... termination of var. geographical, stylistic,...	adj. generale ≠la f. sg. general adj. ≠f. sg. (generale m. et f. / generala f.) (general m. and f. / general f.)
   		quale ≠la fwhich ≠the f (quale m. et f. / quala f.) which m. and f. / which f.

   · Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.	variante morfològica morphological variant	lo m·la f·los m pl·las f. pl The bad flowers in the fields.
   +	additioneaddition	vocale temàtica + -ndo (exèmplo: -a-ndo) thematic vocal + -ndo (example: -a-ndo)
   		SN + V + SN (acc.) Subject + Verb + Object (acc.)
   		[ʦ]: <ts>, <t> + i + vocal [ʦ]: , + i + vowel

   
   

   En la sectione § 3.1:
   In section § 3.1:

   fondobackground	non allòfono non-allophone	[ø]
   fondobackground	allòfono menos reconoscíbile less recognizable allophone	[ɔ̃̃̃̃]
   fondobackground	allòfono plus reconoscíbile allophone plus recognizable	[ə]
   fondobackground	fonèmaphoneme	/e/

   
   

   En la sectione § 5.6:
   In section § 5.6:

   solineato	síllaba aut vocale accentuata 5 accented syllable or vowel 5	cant-a-v-a-moswe can't go
   remarcato (en § 8.1) remarked (in § 8.1)	irregularitates que se vòlen exemplificare irregularities that want to be exemplified	est-à-sis it to be
   remarcato (en § 8.1) remarked (in § 8.1)	“irregularitates” pròprias de la conjugatione. Ved. § 5.2. "irregularities" specific to the conjugation. See § 5.2.	dev-è-ndo
   remarcato (en § 8.1) remarked (in § 8.1)	altras irregularitates, exemplificatas con altros vèrbos. Ved. § 5.4. other irregularities, exemplified with other verbs. See § 5.4.	tèn-e-s
   remarcato (en § 8.1) remarked (in § 8.1)	vèrbo irregulare irregular verb	èssereto be

   
   

   5 Cueste símbolo sèrve en cuesta òpera de advertimènto. Non forma parte de la ortografia propòsta. Ved. § 3.2.4.
   5 This symbol serves as a warning. It is not part of the proposed spelling. See § 3.2.4.

   ÍndiceIndex

2. ‌SÒNOS ET ORTOGRAFÍA
   SOUNDS AND SPELLING

1. ‌1. SÒNOS FUNDAMENTALES ET VARIANTES
   1. FUNDAMENTAL SOUNDS AND VARIANTS

   Con la evolutione de lo latino ad lo romance, lo repertòrio de sònos ha cambiato, ha crescuto, et lo resultato èst divèrso en las distinctas varietates romànicas. Non obstante, la majoritate de sònos que hi son presèntes actualemente pòten essere integratos en lo sistèma neolatino como sònos fundamentales aut variantes soas, cuesto èst como fonèmas aut allòfonos.
   With the evolution of Latin into Romance, the repertoire of sounds has changed, has grown, and the result is diverse in the different Romance varieties. Nevertheless, the majority of sounds that are currently present can be integrated into the Neo-Latin system as fundamental sounds or their variants, which are like phonemes or allophones.

   • FONÈMAS. Lo neolatino presènta 31 fonèmas: 7 vocales et 24 consonantes. Entre ellos, per exèmplo, /k/, /w/, /a/, /n/, /d/, /o/ (como en quando). Los fonèmas son los sònos fundamentales aut subjacèntes de lo sistèma neolatino, prototípicos en relatione ad altros sònos que pòten substituire-los (ved. plus en basso). Son los sònos plus característicos de lo romance et los que lo singularizzan ante lo latino et ante altros sistèmas linguísticos vecinos.
     F ONEMAS . Neo-Latin has 31 phonemes: 7 vowels and 24 consonants. Among them, for example, /k/, /w/, /a/, /n/, /d/, /o/ (as in when ). Phonemes are the underlying high fundamental sounds of the Neo-Latin system, prototypical in relation to other sounds that can replace them (see below). They are the most characteristic sounds of Romance and those that single it out against Latin and other neighboring linguistic systems.

     Son communes ad totas aut quasi totas las varietates romànicas: exsisten (aut han exsistuto) en portughese, castellano, catalano, francese, italiano et rumèno. Actualmente, lo rumèno presènta grande parte de cuessos sònos, lo castellano una majoritate, lo portughese, catalano et francese una grande majoritate, et lo italiano los presènta totos. En las tabèllas de las sectiones sequèntes apparen resaltatos en blavo.
     They are common to all or almost all Romance varieties: they exist in Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian and Romanian. Currently, Romanian has most of them, Spanish a majority, Portuguese, Catalan and French a large majority, and Italian has them all. In the tables of the following sections they appear highlighted in blue .

     Los altros sònos presèntes en romance son posteriores evolutiones de los sònos fundamentales (aut de sequèntias de ellos) como resultato de procèsos fonològicos que los crearon en lo passato aut los recrèan actualemente. En neolatino, la majortate pòten functionare como allòfonos de los fonèmas.
     The other sounds present in Romance are later evolutions of the fundamental sounds (or sequences of them) as a result of phonological processes that created them in the past or currently recreate them. In Neo-Latin, the majority can function as allophones of the phonemes.

   • ALLÒFONOS: Son realizzationes atípicas de los fonèmas neolatinos que tènden ad prodúcere-se como resultato de procèssos fonològicos (como, per exèmplo, nasalizzatione de vocales, spiranitizzatione de consonantes occlusivas, etc.). Cuestos cambios son generalemente inconscièntes et automàticos, donque diffíciles de evitare. Se producen en contèxtos sonòros determinatos (per exèmplo, ante nasale, entre vocales, etc.) aut sèmpre.
     A LLÒPHONES : They are atypical realizations of Neo-Latin phonemes that tend to occur as a result of phonological processes (such as, for example, nasalization of vowels, spiralization of occlusive consonants, etc.). These changes are usually unconscious and automatic, so difficult to avoid. They occur in certain sound contexts (for example, before nasal, between vowels, etc.) aut always.

     • ALLÒFONOS STÀNDARDE: Realizzationes atípicas de los fonèmas que se producen automàticamente en qualques contèxtos sonòros en (quasi) totos los parlantes. Per exèmplo, la sequèntia /nd/ (en quando) se pronuntia [n̪d], con assimilatione de la consonante nasale ad la dentale, non pròpriamente [nd]. Cuestos sònos non se han includito en las sequèntes tabèllas, per simplicitate.
       STANDARD ALLOPHONES: Atypical realizations of phonemes that occur automatically in certain sonorous contexts in (almost) all speakers. For example, the sequence /nd/ (in when) is pronounced [n̪d], with assimilation of the nasal consonant to the dental, not strictly [nd]. These sounds have not been included in the following tables, for simplicity.

     • ALLÒFONOS REGIONALES: Allòfonos que non se producen en la grande majoritate de varietates; típicamente, son pròprios en qualque regione de lo romance. Doos exèmplos:
       REGIONAL ALLOPHONES: Allophones that are not produced in the vast majority of varieties; typically, they are specific to some region of the Romance languages. Two examples:

       • La última vocale de Neo. fratre se pòte pronuntiare [e] (realizzatione prototípica et stàndarde de lo fonèma /e/) aut [ə] (allòfono en positione àtona, pròprio de parlantes de por., cat. et fra.).
         The last vowel of Neo. The brother can be pronounced [e] (prototypical and standard realization of the phoneme /e/) or [ə] (allophone in unstressed position, typical of speakers of por., cat., and fra.).

       • La consonante intervocàlica de la paraula Neo. caduco se pòte pronuntiare occlusiva [d] (sòno prototípico et stàndarde de lo fonèma
         The intervocalic consonant of the word Neo. caduco can be pronounced as the occlusive [d] (prototypical and standard sound of the phoneme).

         /d/) aut aproximante [ð] (allòfono regionale de lo fonèma /d/, quasi inevitàbile por parlantes de por., cas. et cat.).
         /d/) approximant [ð] (regional allophone of the phoneme /d/, almost inevitable for speakers of por., cas. and cat.).

         Qualques allòfonos regionales pòten producere-se en totos los contèxtos. Exèmplos:
         Some regional allophones can occur in all contexts. Examples:

       • Los parlantes de cas. et rum., romances onde las vocales apèrtas /ɛ, ɔ/ diptongaron et donque non se hi opponen ad /e, o/, èst possíbile que tèndan ad pronuntiare paraulas como fèrro, fòrte con [e, o].
         The case speakers. et rum., Romances where the open vowels /ɛ, ɔ/ diphthongized and therefore do not oppose /e, o/, it is possible that they tend to pronounce words like iron, strong with [e, o].

       • Los parlates de por., cat. et fra., romances onde la affricata /ʤ/ perdeu la occlusione initiale devenièndo /ʒ/, èst possíbile que tèndan ad pronuntiare Neo. jóvene, vigilare con [ʒ].
         The speakers of por., cat. and fra., romances where the affricate /ʤ/ lost the initial occlusion becoming /ʒ/, may tend to pronounce Neo. young, to watch with [ʒ].

         Los allòfonos regionales de lo neolatino suman 9 vocales et 7 consonantes, en totale 16 allòfonos, quanto mínimo. Han una diffusione entre las varietates romànicas plus aut menos amplia, secondo lo caso. Et dependèndo de la soa diffusione et altrosí de la similitute que han con la realizzatione prototípica de lo fonèma, pòten essere plus aut menos identificàbiles como allòfonos per los interlocutores neolatinos. En la tabèlla se distinguen doos gruppos. Non obstante, cuesta distinctione èst approximata, et lo usuario poterà comprovare en la pràctica qué pronuntiationes convène evitare.
         The regional allophones of Neo-Latin add 9 vowels and 7 consonants, a total of 16 allophones, at least. They have a diffusione between the Romance varieties more or less wide, as the case may be. And depending on their diffusion and thus the similarity they have with the prototypical realization of the phoneme, they can be more or less identifiable as allophones by Neo-Latin interlocutors. Two groups are distinguished in the table. However, this distinction is approximate, and the user will be able to check in practice which pronunciations should be avoided.

   • ALLÒFONOS REGIONALES PLUS IDENTIFICÀBILES. Generalemente estan presèntes en múltiples romances. Apparen en la tabèlla en verde. Se include en cueste gruppo, exceptionalemente, lo sòno [h], malgrado non essere pròpriamente uno allòfono6.
     TO MORE IDENTIFIABLE REGIONAL LOPHONES . They are usually present in multiple novels. They appear in the table in green . The sound [h] is included in this group, exceptionally, although it is not properly an allophone 6 .

   • ALLÒFONOS REGIONALES MENOS IDENTIFICÀBILES. Pòten menaccîare la comprehensione. Han totos una extensione molto restrecta. Donque, son menos recommandàbiles en neolatino. Apparen en la tabèlla en naranja.
     REGIONAL ALLOPHONES LESS IDENTIFIABLE. They can threaten comprehension. They all have a very restricted extension. Therefore, they are less recommended in Neo-Latin. They appear in the table in orange.

     Finalmente, los altros sònos presèntes en romance non son allòfonos en neolatino, per que non pòten essere prodoctos ad partire de los fonèmas neolatinos applicando procèssos fonològicos. Donque, non pòten essere integratos en lo sistèma neolatino7. Suman 7 vocales et 3 consonantes, en totale 10 sònos. Per exèmplo, lo sòno castellano [x] (presènte en tajar) èst lo descendènte històrico de [ʎʎ] (en tallîare), mais actualemente uno castellanòfono que
     Finally, the other sounds present in Romance are not allophones in Neo-Latin, so that they cannot be produced from Neo-Latin phonemes applying phonological processes. Therefore, they cannot be integrated into the Neo-Latin system 7 . They add 7 vowels and 3 consonants, a total of 10 sounds. For example, the Castilian sound [x] (present in tajar ) is the historical descendant of [ʎʎ] (in tallîare ), but currently a Castilian speaker who

     
     

     6 Los parlates de rum., romance que presènta lo sòno [h] en una parte de los prèstetos (non en paraulas hereditarias), èst possíbile que tèndan ad pronuntiare Neo. hiena6 con [h]. Non obstante, en neolatino se escriven con
     The speakers of rum., a romance that presents the sound [h] in a part of the loans (not in hereditary words), it is possible that they tend to pronounce Neo. hyena with [h]. However, in Neo-Latin they are written with

     <h> altrosí moltas altras paraulas que en rumèno non han né la grafía <h> né lo sòno [h], como Rum. avea (Neo.
     otherwise many other words that in Romanian do not have either the spelling nor the sound [h], like Rum. had (Neo.

     havere). Donque, dès lo neolatino non èst possíbile prevedere la distributione rumèna.
     Therefore, from the Neo-Latin, it is not possible to predict the Romanian distribution.

     7 Lo fonèma rumèno /h/ èst uno caso speciale. La soa presèntia en cuesse romance èst devuta ad una influèntia estrangèra. Non obstante, èst altrosí uno antico fonèma latino, et la grafía neolatina lo represènta sistemàticamente (con pauchíssimas exceptiones: ancora, acora, allora, aduc, cui, adí ). Donque, lo sòno sí pòte essere integrato en lo sistèma neolatino, legèndo tota <h> con [h]. En cueste caso, sería conveninènte restituire la hacca altrosí en las exceptiones anteriores. Non obstante, se tractaría de uno fonèma anacrònico.
     The Romanian phoneme /h/ is a special case. Its presence in this Romance language is due to foreign influence. However, it is also an ancient Latin phoneme, and the Neo-Latin spelling systematically represents it (with very few exceptions: still, now, then, to bring, who, today). Therefore, the sound can be integrated into the Neo-Latin system, reading all as [h]. In this case, it would be advisable to restore the h also in the previous exceptions. However, it would be an anachronistic phoneme.

     pròva de producere [ʎʎ], probàbilemente pronuntia [ʎ] símplice aut la sequèntia [lj], mais non [x], que fou lo resultato de una longa evolutione con múltiples passos: [ʎʎ] > [ʎ] > [ʒ] > [x].
     test of producing [ʎʎ], probably pronounced [ʎ] simple or the sequence [lj], but not [x], which was the result of a long evolution with multiple steps: [ʎʎ] > [ʎ] > [ʒ] > [x].

     Non obstante, sèmpre èst imaginàbile que parlantes concrètos de las lenguas affectatas applichen ad lo neolatino los soos usos relativos ad quessos sònos extèrnos ad lo sistèma neolatino:
     Nevertheless, it is always conceivable that concrete speakers of the affected languages apply to the Neo-Latin their relative uses concerning those sounds external to the Neo-Latin system.

   • Transladando ad cognatos neolatinos la pronuntiatione pròpria. Exèmplos:
     Translating to Neo-Latin cognates with the proper pronunciation. Examples:

     • Los parlantes de fra. et occitano, romances onde /u/ deveniu /y/ (la “u francesa”), èst possíbile que havian la tendèntia ad pronuntiare Neo. muro con la mesma vocale de Fra. mur. Cuesto pòte affectare ad moltos altros cognatos, mais non necessariamente ad prèstetos estrangèros como cuscús, que han altrosí la vocale [u] en francese (Fra. couscous). Donque, lo fonèma /u/ non sería realizzato sistemàticamente [y].
       The speakers of fra. et occitano, romances where /u/ became /y/ (the "French u"), it is possible that they had the tendency to pronounce Neo. wall with the same vowel of Fra. wall . This can affect many other cognates, but not necessarily foreign loans such as couscous , which have otherwise the vowel [u] in French ( French couscous ). Therefore, the phoneme /u/ would not be realized systematically [y]

   • Transladando ad grafías neolatinas la lectura pròpria. Exèmplo:
     Translating to Neo-Latin graphies the proper reading. Example:

     • Los parlantes de cas., romance onde <j> se lège [x], èst possíbile que tèndan ad pronuntiare jóvene con [x] (cosí sòna la paraula en castellano). Cueste tipo de translatione pòte producere formas incorrèctas, como en ja aut majjo, onde lo castellano non presènta [x] mais [j].8
       The speakers of cas., romance where is read [x], it is possible that they tend to pronounce jóvene with [x] (thus the word sounds in Spanish). This type of translation can produce incorrect forms, as in ja aut majjo, where Spanish does not present [x] but [j].8

       
       

       En las tabèllas de las sequèntes sectiones, la classificatione de los sònos en neolatino èst indicata con colores: fonèmas, allòfonos plus reconoscíbiles, allòfonos menos reconoscíbiles et non allòfonos (en blanco). Las paraulas que exemplifican los divèrsos sònos son heretatas (non prestatas) de lo latino, exceptuando las marcatas con létteras cursivas aut itàlicas, que han uno altro orígine (generalemente son prèstetos).
       In the tables of the following sections, the classification of sounds in Neo-Latin is indicated with colors: phonemes, more recognizable allophones, less recognizable allophones, and non-allophones (in white). The words that exemplify the various sounds are inherited (not borrowed) from Latin, except for those marked with italic letters, which have another origin (they are generally borrowed).

       En quanto ad los símbolos usatos9:
       As for the symbols used:

   • # marca que lo sòno indicato èst arcaico (per exèmplo, en Fra. # châti[ɣ]er),
     The brand that the indicated sound is archaic (for example, in French # châti[ɣ]er),

   • * marca que lo sòno èst antico aut minoritario (Cas. * ra[ʣ]ón),
     * brand that the sound is ancient or minority (Cas. * ra[ʣ]ón),

   • / indica que lo sòno (aut la parauala) èst una variante actuale,
     / indicates that the sound (or the word) is a current variant,

   • - indica que non exsiste uno cognato de la paraula en cuessa lengua.
     - indicates that there is no cognate of the word in this language.

8 La ortografía neolatina pròva de evitare cueste tipo de lecturas erròneas, mais qualques son inevitàbiles. Ved. §
The Neo-Latin spelling tries to avoid this type of erroneous readings, but some are inevitable. See §

3.2.2 et § 3.2.3.
3.2.2 and § 3.2.3.

9 Las abbreviaturas et símbolos pòten essere consultatas en § 2.2.
9 The abbreviations and symbols can be consulted in § 2.2.

‌3. 1. 1. VOCALES
3. 1. 1. VOWELS

La sequènte tabèlla presènta exèmplos de uso de cata sòno vocàlico:
The following table presents examples of the use of each vowel sound:

10 Variante de Neo. [e]lla. Cf. Sar. [i]dda.
10 Variant of Neo. [she]. Cf. Sar. [it]da.

11 Occ. [y]rna

12 Occ. l[y]na

13 Secondo Lamuela (2006: 17), lo rumèno have [ɯ], non [ɨ].
According to Lamuela (2006: 17), Romanian has [ɯ], not [ɨ].

14 Variante de Neo. b[o]cca.
14 Variant of Neo. b[o]cca.

15 Anticamente, Fra. b[o]che.
15 In ancient times, Fra. b[o]che.

16 Actualemente, Fra. noir.
16 Currently, Fra. black.

17 Secondo Lamuela (2006: 17), lo rumèno have [ɤ], non [ə].
According to Lamuela (2006: 17), Romanian has [ɤ], not [ə].

18 Actualemente, Cas. hierro.
18 Currently, iron case.

19 Actualemente, Rum. fier.
19 Currently, Rum. fier.

20 La vocale [ɔ] fou lo passo intermèdio en la evolutione dès la ō longa et la ŏ brève latinas ad lo rumèno, que presènta actualemente diptongatione: Lat. SŌLE, MŎLA > Rum. soare, moară (Jensen 1999: 62).
The vowel [ɔ] took the intermediate step in the evolution from the long ō and the short ŏ in Latin to Romanian, which currently presents diphthongization: Lat. SŌLE, MŎLA > Rum. soare, moară (Jensen 1999: 62).

‌3. 1. 2. CONSONANTES
3. 1. 2. CONSONANTS

La sequènte tabèlla presènta exèmplos de uso de cata sòno consonàntico:
The following table presents examples of the use of each consonant sound:

21 Pròpriamente, occlusiva nasale (cf. occlusiva orale). Per simplicitate, non analisamos cui allòfonos de los fonemas nasales como [ɱ, ŋ,...].
21 Properly, nasal occlusive (cf. oral occlusive). For simplicity, we do not analyze the allophones of nasal phonemes such as [ɱ, ŋ,...].

22 Pròpriamente, occlusiva orale (cf. occlusiva nasale).
22 Properly, oral occlusive (cf. nasal occlusive).

23 Labiopalatale
23 Labio-palatal

24 Labiovelare

25 Nome de la léttera grèca <Ζ, ζ>. Por la léttera latina <Z, z> èst preferíbile la pronuntia [z]èta.
25 Name of the Greek letter <Ζ, ζ>. For the Latin letter the pronunciation [z]eta is preferable.

26 En castellano antico, [ʤ] potería havere essuto uno allòfono de /ʒ/. Actualemente, [ʤ] ha reapparuto como pronuntia dialectale de /j/. En Paraguai, [ʤ] èst normale: a[ʤ]udar, ma[ʤ]o (distincto de ca[ʎ]e). En Colòmbita et altras zonas “yeístas” (onde /ʎ/ se confunde con /j/), una de las possíbiles realizzationes èst [ʤ]: [ʤ]o, a[ʤ]udar, [ʤ]over, a[ʤ]í. De altra parte, lo judèocastellano presènta [ʤ]ente (distincto de o[ʒ]o). Ved. Hualde (2014: 180, 299, 304) et Markič (2017).
In Old Spanish, [ʤ] could have been an allophone of /ʒ/. Currently, [ʤ] has reappeared as a dialectal pronunciation of /j/. In Paraguay, [ʤ] is normal: [ʤ]udar, [ʤ]o (distinct from ca[ʎ]e). In Colombia and other "yeísta" areas (where /ʎ/ is confused with /j/), one of the possible realizations is [ʤ]: [ʤ]o, [ʤ]udar, [ʤ]over, [ʤ]í. On the other hand, Judeo-Spanish presents [ʤ]ente (distinct from o[ʒ]o). See Hualde (2014: 180, 299, 304) and Markič (2017).

27 Per simplicitate, non analisamos cui las divèrsas realizzationes de la [s].
27 For simplicity, we do not analyze the various realizations of the [s].

28 Si bène la pronuntiatione majoritaria en castellano èst [b]ino (et mi [β]ino), en Amèrica se tròpa altrosí [v] en qualques parlantes, qualques sociolèctos (Argentina) aut de manaria generale (Cuba). Non se tracta de la conservatione de uno sòno castellano traditionale, mais de una ultracorrectione, ad imitatione de altras lenguas. Mòstra de cuesto èst que, en cuessas varietates, la distinctione entre /b/ et /v/ pròva de sequire la grafía castellana modèrna, que èst etimològica, et descontinúa la antica distinctione entre <v> et <b>. Donque, se pronuntia ha[β]er per que se escrive acora haber (con b como en latino) malgrado que en castellano antico se grafiava haver, cantava, etc., como los altros romances (ved. Isbăşescu 1970). En quanto ad la sòno representato per cuesta <v> en castellano antico, la opinione commune èst que èra [β], mais potería havere essuto [v] (ved. Batllori et al. 2009).
28 If the majority pronunciation in Castilian is [b] ino (et mi [β] ino ), in America it is found otherwise [v] in some speakers, some sociolects (Argentina) high of general manner (Cuba). It is not the preservation of a traditional Spanish sound, but an ultracorrection, in imitation of other languages. This shows that, in these varieties, the distinction between /b/ and /v/ tries to follow the modern Castilian spelling, which is etymological, and discontinues the ancient distinction between <v> and <b>. Therefore, it is pronounced ha [β] er so that it is written now haber (with b as in Latin) although in Old Castilian it was spelled have, sang , etc., like the other Romances (see Isbăşescu 1970). As for the sound represented by this <v> in Old Castilian, the common opinion is that it was [β], but could have been [v] (see Batllori et al. 2009).

29 En prèstetos de lo grèco (zona, zeta, zoo, etc.) et altras lenguas (bazar < Per bāzār; zèro < Ita zero < Lat zephĭrum, adaptatione de lo àrabo ṣifr; zebra, proveniènte de lo iberoromànico; etc.).
In loans from Greek (zone, zeta, zoo, etc.) and other languages (bazar < Per bāzār; zero < Ita zero < Lat zephĭrum, adapted from Arabic ṣifr; zebra, originating from Ibero-Romance; etc.).

30 Variantes de Neo. ca[s]a, spino[s]a.
30 Variants of Neo. ca[s]a, spino[s]a.

31 Como en rumèno et en italiano meridionale, la [s] intervocàlica latina se consèrva sorda altrosí en toscano. Los múltiples casos que de sonorizzatione exsisten en toscano (accu[z]are, ca[z]o, chie[z]a, u[z]o, u[z]o, etc.) se explican per influèntia norde-italiana (Patota 2002: 80-82).
31 As in Romanian and southern Italian, the Latin intervocalic [s] is preserved deaf otherwise in Tuscan. The multiple cases of sound that exist in Tuscan (accu[z]are, ca[z]o, chie[z]a, u[z]o, u[z]o, etc.) are explained by northern Italian influence (Patota 2002: 80-82).

32 En paraulas latinas como CAMISIAM aut BASIARE, la pronuntia de la sequèntia [si] + vocale deveniu en latino vulgare [sj] (cuesto èst, [s] + iòd). Posterioremente, lo sòno [s] fou palatalizzato per la iòd sequènte en toto lo romance, producèndo una [ʃ] palatale en una parte de lo romance orientale (toscano et rumèno) et una [sj] palatalizzata en la parte restante de lo romance. De cuestas doas variantes, solamente [ʃ] se consèrva, ja que [sj] despalatalizzau, sene laxare rastro en lo italiano meridionale et en sardo (Sar. basare) mais laxando, en lo romance occidentale, una nòva iòd ante la consontante, iòd se consèrva en occasiones (Por. beijar, Occ. baisar, Fra. baiser) et en altras ha desparuto, fusionando-se con la vocale precedènte (Por., Cas., Cat. camisa, Fra. chemise) au modificando-la (Cas. besar, Cat. besar). Lo neolatino presènta [ʃ]. (Lausberg. 1965: 390)
32 In Latin words such as CAMISIAM aut BASIARE , the pronunciation of the sequence [si] + vowel became in vulgar Latin [sj] (this is, [s] + iodine). Later, the sound [s] was palatalized by the following iodine throughout Romance, producing a palatal [ʃ] in a part of Eastern Romance (Tuscan and Romanian) and a palatalized [s j ] in the remaining part of Romance . Of these two variants, only [ʃ] is preserved, since [s j ] is depalatalized, without leaving a trace in southern Italian and Sardinian ( Sar. basare ) but leaving, in Western Romance, a new iodine before the consonant, iodine is preserved in occasions ( Por. beijar , Occ. baisar , French baiser ) and in others has disappeared, merging with the preceding vowel ( Por., Cas., Cat. camisa , French chemise ) when modifying it ( Cas. large , Cat. large ). Neo-Latin presents [ʃ]. (Lausberg. 1965: 390)

33 Variante de Neo. pe[sʧ]e.
33 Variant of Neo. pe[sʧ]e.

34 En toscano, la pronuntiatione traditionale èst cami[ʃ]a et, coherèntemente, la escriptura antica èra <camiscia>. En cambio, lo italiano stàndarde presènta cami[ʧ]a, per influèntia de la grafía <camicia>, que imita la grafía latinizzante de vicino (altrosí pronuntiato con [ʃ] en toscano). (Lausberg. 1965: 391)
34 In Tuscan, the traditional pronunciation is cami [ʃ] and , coherently, the ancient writing was < camiscia >. However, standard Italian presents cami [ʧ] to , under the influence of the spelling <camicia>, which imitates the Latinizing spelling of vicino (otherwise pronounced with [ʃ] in Tuscan). (Lausberg. 1965: 391)

35 Cuesta paraula non exsiste en italiano stàndarde, mais se consèrva en las varietates meridionales con la pronuntiatione [ʃʃ], que èst la solutione pròpria de lo stàndarde por la sequèntia latina [ssj] (como en Lat. *PRESSIA,
The word does not exist in standard Italian, but it is preserved in the southern varieties with the pronunciation [ʃʃ], which is the proper solution of the standard for the Latin sequence [ssj] (as in Lat. *PRESSIA,

*REVESSIARE > Ita. pre[ʃʃ]a, rove[ʃʃ]are).
*REVESSIARE > It. pre[ʃʃ]a, rove[ʃʃ]are).

36 Variante de Neo. [ʤ]óvene.
36 Variant of Neo. [ʤ]óvene.

37 Variante de Neo. cú[b]ico.
37 Variant of Neo. cubic.

38 Variante de Neo. ca[d]uco.
38 Variant of Neo. outdated.

39 Variante de Neo. ma[dʤ]o.
39 Variant of Neo. ma[dʤ]o.

40 Variante de Neo. casti[g]are.
40 Variant of Neo. casti[g]are.

‌3. 2. ORTOGRAFÍA
3. 2. SPELLING

‌3. 2. 1. ABECEDARIO
3. 2. 1. ALPHABET

Lo neolatino, como las lenguas romànicas, usa lo alfabèto latino. Consiste en lo abecedario romano traditionale (<A, B, C, D, E,...>) ampliato con las nòvas létteras <J, U, W> et las grècas <Y, Z>, tanto majúsculas quanto minúsculas. La sequènte tabèlla presènta los soos nomes:
Neo-Latin, like the Romance languages, uses the Latin alphabet. It consists of the traditional Roman alphabet (<A, B, C, D, E,...>) expanded with the new letters <J, U, W> and the Greek <Y, Z>, both uppercase and lowercase. The following table presents their names:

41 Secondo Lamuela (2006: 9), lo rumèno have solo (et sèmpre) [r] (vibrante).
According to Lamuela (2006: 9), Romanian has only (and always) [r] (vibrant).

42 Variante de Neo. [ɾ]òta.
42 Variants of Neo. [ɾ]ota.

43 Actualemente, Rum. ţa[ɾ]ă.
43 Currently, Rum. ţa[ɾ]ă.

44 Per simplicitate, non analisamos cui los divèrsos allòfonos de los fonemas laterales.
For simplicity, we do not analyze the various allophones of the lateral phonemes.

45 Anticamente èra la vocale [i]. Actualemente non èst ja uno sòno independènte, mais la palatalizzatione de la consonante “anteriore”.
In ancient times, the vowel [i] was present. Currently, it is no longer an independent sound, but rather the palatalization of the "anterior" consonant.

Las létteras <k>, <w>, <y> et <z> son usatas, principalmente, en tecnicismos de uso internationale et en prèstetos estrangèros non romanizzatos.
The letters , , , and are used mainly in international technical terms and in non-Romanized foreign loanwords.

1. ‌2. 2. MÚLTIPLES ORTOGRAFÍAS ROMÀNICAS
   2. 2. MULTIPLE ROMANIC SPELLINGS

   Las ortografías romànicas non solamente coinciden en lo uso de lo alfabèto latino46, mais altrosí en la voluntate de continuare la traditione gràfica latina. Per cuesto, paraulas como campo, cera, civetate, coppa et curare se escriven, en totas las lenguas romànicas, con <c> (cf. Lat. CAMPUM, CERAM, CIVITATEM, CUPPAM, CURARE) malgrado havere en romance pronuntiationes divèrsas dependèndo de la vocale sequènte: a, o, u vs. e, i (en latino, en cambio, sèmpre [k])47.
   The Romance spellings not only coincide in the use of the Latin alphabet 46 , but also in the will to continue the Latin graphic tradition. Therefore, words such as field , wax , civetate , cup and curare are written, in all Romance languages, with <c> (cf. Lat. CAMPUM , CERAM , CIVITATEM , CUPPAM , CURARE ) despite having in Romance various pronunciations depending the following vowel: a, o, u vs. and, and (in Latin, on the other hand, always [k]) 47 .

   Non obstante, en altros detallîos las ortografías romànicas non presèntan cuesta unanimitate. Hi ha múltiples differèntias, que en parte son lo resultato de divergèntias evolutivas en las structuras de las lenguas mesmas. Mais en parte hi èst altrosí arbitrarietate. Et cuesto pone dilèmmas en la codificatione de lo nelatino, como los sequèntes:
   Notwithstanding, in other details the Romance orthographies do not present unanimous agreement. There are multiple differences, which are partly the result of evolutionary divergences in the structures of the languages themselves. But partly there is also arbitrariness. And this poses dilemmas in the codification of the non-Latin, such as the following:

   • ACCENTUATIONE: La escriptura de lo rumèno non permette ad lo lectore sapere en que sillaba recade la fòrtsa (mobilă, mobilă aut mobilă ?). La ortografía italiana, en cambio, usa signos diacríticos sopre las vocales por marcare las paraulas oxítonas (città, perché, però, etc.) mais non distingue entre paroxítonas et preparoxítonas (rubrica aut rubrica ?). Finalemente, portughese, castellano et catalanao disponen de precisos et efficièntes sistèmas que transcriven la accentuatione en cata paraula, usando et omettèndo diacríticos.
     A CCENTUATIONE : The writing of Romanian does not allow the reader to know in which syllable the force falls ( mobile , mobile or mobile ?). The Italian spelling, however, uses diacritical marks on vowels to mark Oxitone words ( città, permethrin, però, etc.) but does not distinguish between paroxitonas and preparoxitonas ( rubrica aut rubrica ?). Finally, Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan have accurate and efficient systems that transcribe the accentuation in each word, using and omitting diacritics.

   • APERTURA VOCÀLICA: Los signos diacríticos son usatos altrosí por transcrivere la apertura de las vocales e et o en las lenguas romànicas que distinguen entre /e, ɛ/ et entre /o, ɔ/. Lo francese ha, per exèmplo, <é> por [e] (hétérogénéité ) et <è> por [ɛ] (koinè ), mais de altra parte
     A VOCAL OPENING : Diacritical marks are also used to transcribe the opening of the vowels e et o in the Romance languages ​​that distinguish between /e, ɛ/ and between /o, ɔ/. French has, for example, <é> for [e] ( heterogeneity ) and <è> for [ɛ] ( koinè ), but on the other hand

     
     

     46 Las grafías <ç, ş, ţ> exsistèntes en qualque(s) lengua(s) romànicas non son, pròpriamente, nòvas létteras, mais létteras complementatas con signos diacríticos (cf. <á, à, â, ă, ã>.
     The graphemes <ç, ş, ţ> existing in any Romance language(s) are not, properly speaking, new letters, but letters complemented with diacritical signs (cf. <á, à, â, ă, ã>).

     47 Una parte de lo sardo consèrva la pronuntiatine [k] ante e, i.
     A part of the Sardinian preserves the pronunciation [k] before e, i.

     representa tanto [e] quanto [ɛ] con <e, ë, ef,...> (essayer, erre ; canoë, noël ; clefs, chefs ;...). Lo portughese ha una ortografía menos complèxa (non ha 56 grafías divèrsas por [ɛ] como lo francese), mais marca la apertura de cuestas vocales solamente en parte de las paraulas, non per exèmplo en bestia: con [e] ‘animale’ aut con [ɛ] ‘arma’? Las grafías catalana et italiana facen la distinctione en las paraulas que ja han uno diacrítico por lo accènto de intensitate (donque, plus casos en catalano que en italiano)48. Finalemente, la ortografía occitana ha lo sistèma plus preciso: permette sapere la apertura en totas las paraulas, con diacríticos.
     It represents both [e] and [ɛ] with (essayer, erre; canoë, noël; clefs, chefs;...). Portuguese has a less complex spelling (it does not have 56 different graphemes for [ɛ] like French), but it marks the opening of vowel sounds only in part of the words, not for example in bestia: with [e] 'animal' or with [ɛ] 'weapon'? The Catalan and Italian spellings make the distinction in words that already have a diacritic for the accent of intensity (therefore, more cases in Catalan than in Italian). Finally, the Occitan spelling has the most precise system: it allows knowing the opening in all words, with diacritics.

   • VALORE DE LA LÉTTERA <J>: La i lònga aut jota reprèsenta divèrsos sònos en las ortografías romànicas. Originariamente èra una variante ornamentata de <i>, mais deveniu una nòva léttera en lo sècolo XVI, ad propòsta de lo humanista italiano Gian Giorgio Trissino. En italiano represènta traditionalemente lo sòno [j] (como en latino, et cosí en las lenguas slavas de escriptura latina et en las germànicas, exceptuando lo anglese), si bène con cueste uso se consèrva acora de manaria limitata (especialemente en qualques nomes pròprios como Jacopo, Jesolo, etc.), generalemente substituita per <i> (iena, notaio, Savoia, etc.). En las altras ortografías romànicas represènta lo sòno que en las respectivas lenguas continúa la i initiale latina (per exèmplo, en Lat. IOCUM): [ʤ > Ʒ] (Por. jogo, Cat. joc, Fra. jeu, Rum. joc) et [ʒ > χ] (Cas. juego). Lo italiano ha altrosí [ʤ] mais usa lo dígrafo <gi> (gioco).
     VALUE OF THE LETTER < J >: The long high i jota represents several sounds in the Romance spellings. Originally it was an ornamented variant of <i>, but became a new letter in the sixteenth century, at the behest of the Italian humanist Gian Giorgio Trissino. In Italian it traditionally represents the sound [j] (as in Latin, and as in the Slavic languages ​​of Latin writing and in the Germanic ones, excepting English), although this use is still preserved in a limited way (especially in some proper names such as Jacopo, Jesolo , etc.), usually replaced by <i> ( iena, notaio , Savoia , etc.). In the other Romance spellings it represents the sound that in the respective languages ​​continues the Latin initial i ( for example , in Latin IOCUM ) : et [ʒ > χ] ( Case game ). Italian has altered [ʤ] but uses the digraph <gi> ( gioco ).

   • N PALATALE: Quasi toto lo romance, includèndo las sèx grandes lenguas romànicas, presènta (aut presentava anticamente) lo sòno [ɲ]. Non obstante, las grafías usatas por representare cuesse sòno son múltiples: <nh / ñ / gn / ny>. Lo portuguese profecta la léttera muta hacca como “nota” por indicare que la consonante prèvia non ha lo sòno habituale. Cuesta grafía, prestata de los tropadores occitanos, èst conventionale, non ha una base fonètica. En cambio, las altras lenguas se basan en anticos sònos de onde sí sorgiu [ɲ]:
     N PALATALE : Almost all Romance, including the six great Romance languages, presents (high anciently presented) the sound [nyj] However, the spellings used to represent this dream are multiple: <nh / ñ / gn / ny>. Portuguese uses the letter muta hacca as "note" to indicate that the previous consonant does not have the usual sound. This spelling, borrowed from the Occitan troopers, is conventional, has no phonetic basis. However, the other languages ​​are based on ancient sounds from which it arises:

     1. La antica sequèntia [nn] explica Cas. <ñ> (abbreviatura de <nn>): Lat. ANNU(M) > Cas. año. Cuesta optione potería havere essuto elècta altrosí por lo catalano.
        The ancient sequence [nn] explains Cas. <ñ> (abbreviation of ): Lat. ANNU(M) > Cas. year. It could have been chosen alternatively for the Catalan option.

     2. [gn] explica Fra. Ita. <gn>: Lat. PUGNU(M) > Ita. pugno. Cuesta optione potería havere essuto elècta altrosí por lo portughese, lo castellano et lo catalano.
        [gn] explains Fra. Ita. : Lat. PUGNU(M) > Ita. pugno. With this option, it could have been chosen also for Portuguese, Castilian, and Catalan.

     3. [nj] explica Cat. <ny>: Lat. ARANEA(M) > Cat. aranya. Cuesta optione potería havere essuto elècta per las altras lenguas, ja que en totas ellas la sequèntia [nj] produce [ɲ] (actualemente [j] en rumèno: râie ). Uno dígrafo equivalente, et plus etimològico, potería havere essuto <nj>, quanto menos en italiano, onde <j> se lege [j]49.
        [nj] explains Cat. <new>: Lat. ARANEA ( M ) > Cat. aranya . This option could have been chosen by the other languages, since in all of them the sequence [nj] produces [nyj] (currently [j] in Romanian: ráie ). An equivalent digraph, and more etymological, could have been <nj>, especially in Italian, where <j> is read [j] 49 .

   • <H> ETIMOLÒGICA: Lo sòno /h/ despareu de la lengua latina en època romana, mais allora la escriptura con <h> ja se haveva consolidato et, donque, se conservau como léttera muta (con qualques vacilationes, como en HUMERUS / UMERUS). Las ortografías romànicas continúan cuesta vècla traditione, mais en divèrsos grados, como mòstra la sequènte tabèlla que contène 10 paraulas hereditarias panromànicas que havevan <h> en latino:
     ETIMOLOGICAL: The sound /h/ disappeared from the Latin language in Roman times, but by then the writing with had already been consolidated and, therefore, it was preserved as a mute letter (with some variations, as in HUMERUS / UMERUS). The Romance orthographies continue to follow this tradition, but to varying degrees, as shown in the following table that contains 10 pan-Romance hereditary words that had in Latin:

48 Por [ɛ, ɔ] en italiano foron propòstas las létteras grècas <ɛ, ω> per lo humanista Gian Giorgio Trissino, en la soa Ɛpistola del Trissinω de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana. Non obstante, ad differèntia de altras propòstas soas, cuesta non fou sequita. En cambio, posterioremente lo Alfabèto Fonètico Internationale adoptau
48 For [ɛ, ɔ] in Italian were proposed the Greek letters <ɛ, ω> by the humanist Gian Giorgio Trissino, in his Epistle of the Trissinω of the letter newly added to the Italian language . However, unlike his other proposals, this one was not pursued. Instead, the International Phonetic Alphabet was later adopted

<ɛ> per [ɛ].<e> per [e]

49 En arumèno se usan los dígrafos <nj> et <lj> por los sònos [ɲ, ʎ]. En italiano, <lj> por [ʎ] (per exèmplo, en volja, normalemente grafiato voglia) fou una altra de las innovationes propòstas per Trissino.
49 In Armenian the digraphs <nj> and <lj> are used for the sounds [nyj, ʎ] In Italian, <lj> for [ʎ] (for example, in volja , normally spelled voglia ) was another of the innovations proposed by Trissino.

Como se vede, catalano et francese son las lenguas que plus haccas mutas presèntan en lo vocabulario hereditario, castellano et portughese ne han qualques menos, italiano pauchíssimas (solamente onde la léttera èst útile por distinguere homòfonos: o, ho ; a, ha ), et lo rumèno necuna50. Los resultatos son semelantes en lo vocabulario prestato grecolatino51, mais cui lo rumèno presènta uno 50 % de haccas (sonantes) et lo italiano prescinde de cuesta léttera complètamente.
As can be seen, Catalan and French are the languages that present the most mute letters in the inherited vocabulary, while Spanish and Portuguese have a few less, and Italian has very few (only where the letter is useful to distinguish homophones: o, ho ; a, ha ), and Romanian has none50. The results are similar in the borrowed Greco-Latin vocabulary51, but Romanian presents 50% of mute letters (sonant) while Italian completely omits this letter.

De una altra parte, altrosí los usarios han preferèntias gràficas divèrsas. Entre las personas interessatas ad la communicatione pan- et interlatina, qualques aman las grafías etimològicas (typo, theatro, etc.), que recòrdan lo latino et lo grèco, altras, en cambio, sostènen una ortografía fonèmica, plus regulare, que prescinde de anticas distinctiones que ja non son relevantes en la pronuntiatione actuale (tipo, teatro, etc.).
On the other hand, users have diverse graphic preferences. Among those interested in pan- and inter-Latin communication, some prefer etymological spellings (e.g., typo, theatro, etc.), which recall Latin and Greek, while others, on the contrary, support a phonemic spelling, more regular, that disregards ancient distinctions that are no longer relevant in current pronunciation (e.g., tipo, teatro, etc.).

1. ‌2. 3. UNA ORTOGRAFÍA NEOLATINA INTUITIVA ET FLEXÍBILE
   2.3 AN INTUITIVE AND FLEXIBLE NEO-LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY

   Havèndo cònto de la pluralitate exsistènte en matèria de ortografía (ved. § 3.2.2), non mancata de arbitrarietate, Vía Neolatina propone por lo neolatino uno sistèma de escriptura que pòte essere descripto, de manaria summaria, con los sequèntes qualificativos. Èst (aut pròva de essere) màximamente
   Taking into account the plurality existing in the field of spelling (see § 3.2.2), not without arbitrariness, Vía Neolatina proposes for Neolatin a system of writing that can be described, in a summary way, with the following qualifiers. This (high probability of being) maximally

   • FLEXÍBILE etFLEXIBLE and

   • INTUITIVO.INTUITIVE.

Cuestas doas características aut tractos de la ortografia (flexibilitate et intuibilitate) corresponden ad los doos objectivos de la codificatione de Vía Neolatina (ved. § 4.2 de Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino): Desveloppare uno modèllo linguístico con
These two characteristics of the spelling (flexibility and intuition) correspond to the two objectives of the codification of the Neolatin Way (see § 4.2 of Design Principles of the Neolatin Romance): Develop a linguistic model with

1. MÀXIMO POTENTIALE DE ACCEPTATIONE;
   MAXIMUM POTENTIAL FOR ACCEPTANCE;

2. MÀXIMO VALORE COMMUNICATIVO.
   MAXIMUM COMMUNICATIVE VALUE.

   
   

   50 Lo rumèno, de facto, non pòte usare <h> como léttera muta perqué, en cuesta lengua, lo sòno /h/ exsiste en prèstetos de altras lenguas (et, como consequèntia, altrosí prèstetos latinos).
   50 Romanian, in fact, cannot use as a silent letter because, in that language, the sound /h/ exists in loans from other languages (and, consequently, also in Latin loans).

   51 Fra. 95 %, Cat. 70 %, Por. 70 % Cas. 50 %, Rum. 50 %, Ita. 0 %. Son los resultatos de 10 prèstetos grecolatinos con
   51 Fr. 95%, Cat. 70%, Por. 70% Cas. 50%, Rum. 50%, Ita. 0%. These are the results of 10 Greco-Latin loans.

   <h>: ABHORRERE, PROHIBERE, ADHAERENTEM, HUMANITATEM, HYPOCONDRIAM, HYPOTHECAM, HARMONIAM, HELENA, HIEROGLYPHIKÁ
   : ABHORRENCE, PROHIBITION, ADHERENT, HUMANITY, HYPOCHONDRIA, HYPOTHEC, HARMONY, HELENA, HIEROGLYPHICS

   (gr.), HYACINTHUM. Una mòstra majjore possíbilemente reducería lo resultato portughese, ja que cui <h> non exsiste en casos como Por. anelar, inabitável.
   HYACINTHUM. A major show would possibly reduce the Portuguese result, since with it does not exist in cases like Por. anelar, inabitável.

   UNA ORTOGRAFÍA INTUITIVA:
   AN INTUITIVE SPELLING:

   De una parte, la ortografía propòsta por lo neolatino pròva de essere màximamente intuitiva, de manaria que permetta ad los usuarios non solamente identificare las paraulas (en lo caso de los usuarios romanòfonos) mais altrosí pronuntiare-las bène. Cuesto se cèrca havèndo cònto de múltiples critèrios: la lògica de los procèssos fonològicos que producen los sònos, la precisione gràfica, las formas et usos majoritarios en las lenguas romànicas, etc. Ecco qualques exèmplos:
   On one hand, the proposed spelling by the neo-Latin aims to be maximally intuitive, in such a way that it allows users not only to identify the words (in the case of Romance language speakers) but also to pronounce them well. This is sought by taking into account multiple criteria: the logic of the phonological processes that produce the sounds, graphic precision, the predominant forms and uses in Romance languages, etc. Here are some examples:

   Grafía de los sònos palatales
   Spelling of palatal sounds

   Uno exèmplo de grafía intuitiva èst la de los sònos palatales, que non exsistevan en latino. Como se ha visto plus en alto, por representare lo sòno [ɲ] las lenguas romànicas usan de una parte <nh> et de altra <ñ / gn / ny>. La prima grafía non ha una base fonètica: lo sòno [h] non palatalizza una consonante precedènte. Como resultato, qui non conosce la conventione non pòte pronuntiare, intuitivamente, lo sòno, ne approximare-se ad elle. Cuesto non convène en neolatino.
   An example of intuitive spelling is that of the palatal sounds, which did not exist in Latin. As seen earlier, to represent the sound [ɲ], Romance languages use on one hand and on the other <ñ / gn / ny>. The first spelling has no phonetic basis: the sound [h] does not palatalize a preceding consonant. As a result, those who do not know the convention cannot intuitively pronounce the sound, nor approximate it. This is not suitable in Neo-Latin.

   Las altras grafías sí han una base fonètica, conveniènte en neolatino. De las tres optiones,
   The other spellings do have a phonetic basis, suitable in Neo-Latin. Of the three options,

   <ny> èst la plus adequata, ja que se basa en la sequèntia [nj], que èst lo orígine de [ɲ] en plus lenguas romànicas, èst lo único orígine de lo sòno en neolatino et èst altrosí la sequèntia plus pròxima fonèticamente ad [ɲ] ([sɔnnjo] èst una bòna approximatione ad [sɔɲɲo]). De facto, èst frequènte en la pronuntiatione de parlantes estrangèros52.
   The sequence [nj] is the most adequate, since it is based on the sequence [nj], which is the origin of [ɲ] in several Romance languages, it is the only origin of the sound in Neo-Latin and it is also the phonetically closest sequence to [ɲ] ([sɔnnjo] is a good approximation to [sɔɲɲo]). In fact, it is frequent in the pronunciation of foreign speakers.

   Non obstante, la nota <y> non se usa por altros sònos palatales (non exsisten los dígrafos <ly, cy, gy, sy> por los sònos [ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʃ]53). Como nota palatalizzante, en romance èst plus usata la léttera <i>: en <gli> (Ita. foglia), <ill> (Fra. mouiller ant. [ʎ]); <ci> (Ita. crociare, Rum. crucia); <gi> (Ita. gioco, Rum. giuvaier); <sci> (Ita. sciame). Et la vocale i, como altrosí e 54, palatalizzan qualques consonantes en pràcticamente totas las lenguas romànicas: ci, gi (vs. ca, ga). En plus, los dígrafos con <y> non son etimològicos (Lat. SOMNIUM, FOLIAM, MOLLIARE havevan <i>). Per toto cuesto, Vía Neolatina propone lo uso de la nota <i>.
   However, the note <y> is not used for other palatal sounds (there are no digraphs <ly, cy, gy, sy> for the sounds [ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʃ] 53 ). As a palatalizing note, in Romance the letter <i> is more used: in <gli> ( Italian foglia ), <ill> ( French mouiller ant. [ʎ]); <ci> ( Ita. crociare , Rum. crucia ); <gi> ( Ita. game , Rum. juvaier ); <sci> ( Ita. swarm ). And the vowel i , like others and 54 , palatalize some consonants in practically all Romance languages: ci , gi (vs. ca, ga ). In addition, digraphs with <y> are not etymological ( Lat. SOMNIUM , FOLIAM , MOLLIARE had <i>). However, Vía Neolatina proposes the use of the note <i>.

   Non obstante, besonnîa distinguere de qualque manaria cuessas paraulas de los moltos prèstetos latinos que consèrvan lo sòno [i] sene palatalizzare la consonante precedènte. Vía Neolatina propone lo uso de uno accènto circumflèxo:
   Notwithstanding, it is necessary to distinguish from any manner those words from the many Latin loans that preserve the sound [i] without palatalizing the preceding consonant. The Neo-Latin way proposes the use of a circumflex accent:

   SÒNO NON PALATALIZZATO NON PALATALIZED SOUND	SÒNO PALATALIZZATO PALATALIZED SOUND
   dicènniodecennium	sònnîodream
   rebellionerebellion	mollîaremollify
   edificiobuilding	crocîarecrocodile
   religionereligion	fugîa
   visionevision	camisîashirt

   
   

   La functionte de lo circumflèxo en neolatino pòte essere fàcilemente induita per la majoritate de romanòfonos que conoscen cuessos sònos en loros lenguas. Et si se ignora lo signo, lo resultato son ancora sequèntias molto semelantes ad lo sòno desejjato. En qualonque caso, la ajjunctione de cueste signo diacrítico èst la mínima innovatione que permette havere en
   The function of the circumflex in Neo-Latin can be easily induced by the majority of Romance-speakers who know sounds in their languages. And if the sign is ignored, the result is still sequences very similar to the desired sound. In any case, the addition of this diacritical mark is the least innovation that allows to have in

   
   

   52 Altrosí en sardo, romance sene [ʎ, ɲ], los prèstetos italianos con cuessos sònos son adaptatos en sardo campidanese como [llj, nnj] (con la variante [ʎ, ɲ]): Sardìnnia [nnj / ɲ], màllia [llj / ʎ].
   52 Alternatively in Sardinian, romance sene [ʎ, nyj], the Italian loanwords with cuessos sonos are adapted in Sardinian campidanese as [llj, nnj] (with the variant [ʎ, nyj]): Sardinia [nnj / nyj], màllia [ llj / ʎ].

   53 En catalano antico, <yl>.
   In ancient Catalan, .

   54 En francese et rumèno, la e functiona altrosí de nota palatalizzante: Fra. je mangeais; Rum. ceapa, geam.
   In French and Romanian, it also functions as a palatalizing note: Fr. je mangeais; Ro. ceapa, geam.

   neolatino una grafía màximamente conveniènte secondo los múltiples critèrios de codificatione. Et èst necessitata raramente.
   Neolatino is a maximally convenient spelling according to the multiple criteria of codification. And it is rarely needed.

   
   

   Geminationes consonànticas per iòd
   Consonant geminations by iod

   Lo romance presènta consonantes doples heredetatas de lo latino (Lat. VACCAM, ILLAM > Neo. vacca, ella) et altras nòvas. Entre cuestas, destacca lo gruppo de consonantes doples originatas per una [j], como en Lat. PLATĔAM, PŬTĔUM > Lat. vul. PLAT[j]A, PŬT[j]U > Romance pla[tʦ]a, po[tʦ]o. En cuestos casos, Vía Neolatina recommanda representare gràficamente la duplicatione en neolatino, como face generalemente lo italiano:
   The Romance languages present inherited double consonants from Latin (e.g., Lat. VACCAM, ILLAM > Neo. vacca, ella) and other new forms. Among these, the group of double consonants originating from a [j] stands out, as in Lat. PLATĔAM, PŬTĔUM > Lat. vulg. PLAT[j]A, PŬT[j]U > Romance pla[tʦ]a, po[tʦ]o. In these cases, the Neo-Latin path recommends graphically representing the duplication in Neo-Latin, as is generally done in Italian.

   LAT.	NEO.	ITA. Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.	SÒNO
   FACĬAM	faccîa	facciaface	[tʧ]
   CORRIGĬAMCORRECTUS	correggîacorrected	correggia	[dʤ][dʒ]
   HODĬE	hòjje	oggiToday	[dʤ][dʒ]
   FILĬAMDAUGHTER	fillîa	figliadaughter	[ʎʎ]
   PINĔAM	pinnîa	pignapine cone	[ɲɲ]
   PLATĔAM	plattsa	piazzasquare	[tʦ]

   
   

   En realitate, la duplicatione gràfica de [ʎʎ] aut [ɲɲ] non èst strictamente necessaria, ja que cuestos sònos son sèmpre doples en positione intervocàlica. Lo italiano, de facto, non escrive figglia né piggna. Non obstante, en qualonque caso besonnîa distinguere entre las doples [tʧ, dʤ] (en faccîa, correggîa) et las símplices [ʧ, ʤ] (en crocîare, fugîa, de croce, fugere). Donque, per sistematicitate et por evitare confusiones, èst conveniènte escrivere altrosí doples [ʎʎ, ɲɲ, tʦ], cosí como [dʤ] en casos como hòjje. La grafía dople evita exceptiones et èst intuitiva. En plus, hi ha qualques casos de [ʎ] aut [ɲ] símplices en neolatino en positione initiale (como lîama aut nîam).
   In fact, the graphic duplication of [ʎʎ] aut [nyjnyj] is not strictly necessary, since these sounds are always double in intervocalic position. Italian, in fact, does not write figglia or piggna . However, in any case it is necessary to distinguish between the double [tʧ, dʤ] (in faccîa, correggîa ) and the simple [ʧ, ʤ] (in crocîare, fugîa , de croce, fugere ). Therefore, for systematicity and to avoid confusions, it is convenient to write otherwise double [ʎʎ, nyjyń, tʦ], as well as [dʤ] in cases such as hòjje . The double spelling avoids exceptions and is intuitive. In addition, there are some cases of simple [ʎ] aut [nyj] in Neolatin in initial position (such as lîama aut nîam ).

   Equalemente, convène escrivere con grafía dople lo sufixo –izzare, que presènta uno sòno dople (Ita. organizzare) malgrado la grafía símplice en latino (Lat. medievale ORGANIZARE), que imita la grafía símplice grèca. La pronuntia en la koinè helenística èra [zz].
   Similarly, it is appropriate to write the suffix –izzare with double grapheme, which presents a double sound (Ita. organizzare) despite the simple spelling in Latin (Lat. medieval ORGANIZARE), which imitates the simple Greek spelling. The pronunciation in the Hellenistic koine was [zz].

   
   

   Uso de la léttera <j>
   Use of the letter

   En positione initiale, lo latino [j-] (como en IAM) se confonde con [dj-] (DEŌRSUM) en toto lo romance, con los resultatos [ʣ-, ʤ-, ʒ-, j-]; en positione intervocàlica, [-jj-] (como en MAIUM, con iòd dople malgrado la grafía símplice) se confonde con [-gj-] (FAGEUM) en toto lo romance, con los resultatos [dʣ, dʤ, j]. Lo neolatino respècta cuestas confluèntias panromànicas, mais quale resultato (et grafía) presènta?
   In initial position, the Latin (as in IAM ) is confused with [dj-] ( DEŌRSUM ) in all Romance, with the results [ʣ-, ʤ-, ʒ-, j-]; in intervocalic position, [-jj-] (as in MAIUM , with double iodine despite the simple spelling) is confused with [-gj-] ( FAGEUM ) in all Romance, with the results [dʣ, dʤ, j] Neo-Latin respects these pan-Romance confluences, but what result (et grafía) does it present?

   En romance, las solutiones principales son [(d)ʤ] et [j] que, como mòstra la sequènte tabèlla, han una distributione molto complèxa, con variatione inclusive entro la majoritate de lenguas: Por., Cas., Ita, Rum. (en divèrsas proportiones, si se studian altras paraulas).
   In Romance, the main solutions are [(d)ʤ] and [j] which, as the following table shows, have a very complex distribution, with variatione inclusive between the majority of languages: Por ., Cas ., Ita , Rum . (in various proportions, if other words are studied).

   	[ʤ] (actuale aut antico) aut Cas. ant [ʒ] [ʤ] (actual or ancient) or Cas. ant [ʒ]	[j] (actuale aut antico) [j] (current or ancient)
   IOCUM, IAM	Por. já, jogo; Cas. juego ([ʒ > χ]); Cat. ja, joc; Fra. (dé)ja, jeu,; By. haha, game; Cas. game ([ʒ > χ]); Cat. ha, joc; Fra. (de)ja, jeu,; Ita. già, gioco, Rum. joc Yes. already, game, Rum. joc	Cas. yaCas. already
   DEŌRSUM	Por. juso; Cat. ant. jus, Fra. ant. jus; For. right; Cat. ancient right, Fra. ancient right; Ita. giuso, Rum. jos Ita. down, Rum. yes	Cas. yuso

   Por. cuju; Cat. maig, major, . Por. maio; Cas. mayo, mayor; Fra.
   For. cuju; Cat. maig, major, . For. maio; Cas. mayo, mayor; Fra.

   maggio, maggiore, Rum. ajuna mai, ant. maiour; Ita. maiale, Rum.
   May, greater, Rum. ajuna mai, ant. maior; Ita. pig, Rum.

   maiumay

   Por. correia, faia; Cas. haya 55; Fra. courroie, ant. faie
   By. belt, beech; Sp. beech 55; Fr. belt, old beech

En positione initiale predomina [ʤ] claramente et en positione intervocàlica predomina [j] lèvemente. Conjuctamente, predomina [ʤ], si bène lèvemente.
In the initial position, [ʤ] clearly predominates, and in the intervocalic position, [j] predominates slightly. Together, [ʤ] predominates, albeit slightly.

De altra parte, mèntre [j] èst símplice en toto lo romance, lo resulatato [(d)ʤ] consèrva en positione intervocàlica la pronuntiatione dople (CORRIGIAM > Cat. corretja, Ita. correggia), que èst sistemàtica con lo resultato de altros gruppos de consonante sequita de iòd (Neo. faccîa, fillîa, vinnîa, etc.).
On the other hand, while [j] is simple in all Romance, the result [(d)ʤ] preserves in intervocalic position the double pronunciation ( CORRIGIAM > Cat. corretja , Ita. correggia ), which is systematic with the result of others groups of consonant followed by iodine ( Neo. faccîa , fillîa , vinîa , etc.).

Finalemente, [(d)ʤ] èst la única optione compatíbile con una ortografía etimològica en neolatino, ja que pòte essere representata <(j)j> aut <ggî> secondo lo ètimo: Neo. ja, josso, majjo vs. faggîo. Cuesto èst coherènte con lo uso majoritario en romance en positione initiale, onde se distingue la grafía de los continuatores de Lat. [j-] et [g-]:
Finally, [(d)ʤ] is the only option compatible with an etymological spelling in Neolatin, since it can be represented <(j)j> aut <ggî> according to the etymology: Neo. yes , if , may vs. beech . This is consistent with the majority use in Romance in initial position, where the spelling of the continuators of Lat is distinguished. [j-] and [g-]:

• IŎCUM > Neo. jòco (Por. jogo, Cas. juego, Cat. joc; Fra. jeu, Rum. joc vs. Ita. gioco)
  IŎCUM > Neo. game (Por. jogo, Cas. juego, Cat. joc; Fra. jeu, Rum. joc vs. Ita. gioco)

• GĔLUM > Neo. gèlo (Por., Ita. gelo, Cat., Fra. gel, Rum. ger vs. Cas. hielo, con iòd).
  GĔLUM > Neo. gèlo (Por., Ita. gelo, Cat., Fra. gel, Rum. ger vs. Cas. hielo, with iòd).

  En plus, cuesta grafía ha lo avantagge de permettere la lectura de <j-> con lo sòno [ʒ-], como en rumèno (et castellano antico). Et con [ʒ], lo sistèma sonòro neolatino devène simètrico: [ʃ] tròpa lo soo correlato sonòro.
  In addition, the spelling has the advantage of allowing the reading of with the sound [ʒ-], as in Romanian (and Old Castilian). And with [ʒ], the Neo-Latin sound system becomes symmetrical: [ʃ] has too much of its sound correlate.

  
  

  Valore de la léttera <z>
  Value of the letter

  En qualques prèstetos grecolatinos (como zèta, zoo, zona), lo italiano presènta lo sòno [ʣ], escripto <z>56. Altros romances, en cambio, pronuntian cuestas paraulas con [z] (aut [s /θ], lo castellano), mais las escriven altrosí con <z>. Cuesta èra, precisamente, la grafía grèca, que fou incorporata ad lo abecedario latino. Donque, hi ha unanimitate en la grafía. Mais cómo convène pronuntiare cuesta léttera en neolatino?
  In some Greco-Latin loanwords (such as zèta, zoo, zona), Italian presents the sound [ʣ], written 56. Other Romance languages, on the other hand, pronounce these words with [z] (or [s/θ], as in Spanish), but they also write them with . This was precisely the Greek spelling, which was incorporated into the Latin alphabet. Therefore, there is unanimity in the spelling. But how should one pronounce this letter in Neo-Latin?

  Lo valore fonètico de <z> en latino et inclusive en grèco èst una questione complèxa:
  The phonetic value of in Latin and even in Greek is a complex issue:

  o En grèco antico, lo valore fonètico de la léttera <Z, ζ> èra [zd] aut [dz] (non hi ha consènso entre los studiosos consulatos). En la koinè hellenística representava [zz] et, dès la Etate Mèjja, [z].
  o In ancient Greek, the phonetic value of the letter <Z, ζ> was [zd] high [dz] (there is no consensus among consulate scholars). In the Hellenistic koinè it represented [zz] and, from the Middle Ages, [z]

  o En latino ja exsisteva lo sòno [z] en paraulas pròprias, mais solamente como allòfono de /s/ en contacto con consonante sonòra57. En los prèstetos de lo grèco, la <Z, ζ> se adaptau en latino antico con <s> initial (sona) et <ss> medial (massa), grafías que representavan los fonemas latinos plus pròximos (Cockdurn. S.d.: 94)58. Posterioremente, la influèntia grèca augmentau et en lo sècolo I a. C. lo latino
  o In Latin already existed the sound [z] in own words, but only as an allophone of /s/ in contact with sonorous consonant 57 . In the loanwords of Greek, the <Z, ζ> was adapted in Old Latin with <s> initial ( sona ) and <ss> medial ( mass ), spellings that represented the nearest Latin phonemes (Cockdurn. Sd: 94) 58 . Later, the Greek influence increased and in the first century a. C. on the child

  
  

  55 Hi ha caduta en castellano en qualques casos (correa) et en rumèno (curea).
  There is a fall in Spanish in some cases (correa) and in Romanian (curea).

  56 En italiano, <z> represènta tanto [ʣ] quanto [ʦ].
  In Italian, represents both [ʣ] and [ʦ].

  57 En època arcaica, lo sòno [z] sorgiu altrosí per sonorizatione intervocàlica, mais despareu pòs como consequèntia de lo rotacismo, convertito en r. La léttera correspondènde (uno antepassato de <z>) despareu de lo alfabèto latino en lo s. IV a. C. (Cockdurn. S.d.: 97)
  57 In archaic times, the sound [z] arose otherwise by intervocalic sonorization, but then disappeared as a result of rotation, converted into r . The corresponding letter (an ancestor of <z>) disappears from the Latin alphabet in the s. IV a. C. (Cockdurn. Sd: 97)

  58 En cambio, la ss de la variante -issare de lo suffixo verbale -ίζειν reflexa una pronuntiatione dialectale de lo grèco de Italia (-ίσσειν), secondo Cockdurn (S.d.: 100).
  58 In contrast, the ss of the variant -issare of the verbal suffix -ίζειν reflects a dialectal pronunciation of Greek in Italy (-ίσσειν), according to Cockburn (n.d.: 100).

  introduceu, de lo grèco <Z, ζ>, la léttera <z> (zelus, zona, Zephyrus, zmaragdus, Amazon). Sopre la soa pronuncia en latino non hi ha consènso entre los studiosos:
  introducing, from the Greek , the letter (zelus, zona, Zephyrus, zmaragdus, Amazon). Regarding its pronunciation in Latin, there is no consensus among scholars:

  • Sonava [s] plus que [z] (quanto menos fòra de la lengua acadèmica), secondo Touratier (2008: 16);
    Sonava [s] more than [z] (the less outside the academic language), according to Touratier (2008: 16);

  • [z], secondo los fonetistas Bassols (1983: 35 et 178) et Molina (1993: 12), et
    [z], according to the phoneticians Bassols (1983: 35 and 178) and Molina (1993: 12), and

    Cockdurn (S.d.: 147);

  • [z] en initio de paraula et [zz] en interiore, secondo Panhuis (2009: 4);
    In the beginning of the word and in the interior, according to Panhuis (2009: 4);

  • [ʣ] en initio de paraula et [dʣ] en positione interna intervocàlica, secondo Morani (2000: 172);
    [ʣ] at the beginning of a word and [dʣ] in internal intervocalic position, according to Morani (2000: 172);

  • [dz] aut [z], secondo Müller-Lancé (2006: 77)
    [dz] aut [z], according to Müller-Lancé (2006: 77)

  • [z] (con las variantes [zz], [dz]), secondo Canepari (2008: 5)
    [z] (with the variants [zz], [dz]), according to Canepari (2008: 5)

• Per altra parte, lo latino populare desveloppau una pronuntiatione divèrsa: [dj]. Mòstra de cuesto èst que fine ad lo sècolo II, las grafías <-z-> et <-di-> apparen intercambiatas en las inscriptiones: oze, azutor, zebus, zabulus per hodie, adiutor, diebus, diabolus (Cockburn. S.d.: 145, 399). Las variantes -izare (culta) et -idiare (populare) de lo suffixo verbale grèco -ίζειν han distinctiones semànticas en tèxtos tardivos; et, en romànece, evolutiones divèrsas:
  On the other hand, popular Latin developed a different pronunciation: [dj]. An example of this is that by the 2nd century, the spellings <-z-> and <-di-> appear to be interchangeable in inscriptions: oze, azutor, zebus, zabulus for hodie, adiutor, diebus, diabolus (Cockburn. n.d.: 145, 399). The variants -izare (cultured) and -idiare (popular) of the Greek verbal suffix -ίζειν have semantic distinctions in late texts; and, in Romance, different evolutions:

  • -IDIARE > Por, Cas, Cat -ejar, Cas -ear, -iar, Fra -eier > -oier, Ita -eggiare;
    -IDIARE > For, Cas, Cat -ejar, Cas -ear, -iar, Fra -eier > -oier, Ita -eggiare;

  • -IZARE > Fra. -iser, Ita. –izzare (Cockdurn. S.d.: 146-147).

Consequèntemente, cuestos prèstetos grecolatinos han, en neolatino, la grafía <z, zz> et tanto la pronuntiatione [z, zz] (majoritaria) quanto [ʣ, dʣ], en plus de [dʤ] en la variante populare de lo suffixo, escripto <jj> (cortejjare, guerrejjare, verdejjare).
Consequently, these Greco-Latin borrowings have, in Neo-Latin, the spelling <z, zz> and both the pronunciation [z, zz] (majority) as much as [ʣ, dʣ], in addition to [dʤ] in the popular variant of the suffix, escripto <jj> ( courting , fighting , defending ).

UNA ORTOGRAFÍA FLEXÍBILE:
A FLEXIBLE ORTHOGRAPHY:

De una altra parte, la ortografía propòsta por lo neolatino èst flexíbile, adaptàbile ad las divèrsas sensibilitates. Include doas optiones gràficas compatíbiles et combinàbiles: una plus etimològica et una altra plus regulare. En lo Dictionario Essentiale Neolatino se includen sistemàticamente las doas grafías, etimològica et regulare.
On the other hand, the spelling proposed by Neo-Latin is flexible, adaptable to various sensitivities. It includes two compatible and combinable graphic options: one more etymological and another more regular. In the Essential Neo-Latin Dictionary, both spellings, etymological and regular, are systematically included.

La sequènte tabèlla presènta las optiones propòstas por la escriptura de lo neolatino, que permetten ad lo usuario adaptare-lo ad las soas preferèntias por sentire-se plus còmodo:
The following table presents the options proposed by the writing of Neo-Latin, which allow the user to adapt it to their preferences to feel more comfortable:

Non obstante, la ortografía que Vía Neolatina recommanda como stàndarde por lo neolatino èst una combinatione equilibrata de las doas optiones (etimològica et regulare): concrètamente las grafías marcatas en blavo en la tabèlla, consideratas plus intuitivas. Los motivos son los sequèntes:
Notwithstanding, the spelling that Vía Neolatina recommends as standard for Neo-Latin is a balanced combination of the two options (etymological and regular): specifically, the spellings marked in blue in the table, considered more intuitive. The reasons are the following:

• Los signos  diacríticos <´, `, ^> propòstos por lo neolatino non son necessarios por comprehèndere uno tèxto escripto, cèrtamente. Donque, son prescindíbiles, specialemente en contèxtos informales61. Non obstante, lo soo uso èst importante por conoscere et apprendere la pronuntiatione de lo neolatino, que non èst solamente una lengua escripta. En qualonque caso, totas las escripturas romànicas usan diacríticos (de facto, non èran desconoscutos en latino). Et la frequèntia de uso de cuestos signos en neolatino està en lo ponto mèdio de las ortografías romànicas. Cuesto èst cèrtamente plus que en italiano, onde solo lo 1 % de las létteras de uno tèxto presènta diacríticos; mais en cuesta lengua la escriptura non represènta bène la accentuatione fonètica et la apertura vocàlica. Lo portughese èst lo caso contrario: usa cuestos signos en lo 5,4 % de las létteras, mais non consèque precisare totas las vocales apèrtas. Lo neolatino presènta una positione mèdia: con solamente lo 3,4 % de las létteras modificatas ja pòte indicare complètamente la pronuntiatione stàndarde. Èst una inversione profectosa.
  The diacritical marks <´, `, ^ > proposed by Neo-Latin are not necessary to understand a written text, of course. Therefore, they are indispensable, especially in informal 61 contexts. However, its use is important to know and learn the pronunciation of Neolatin, which is not only a written language. In any case, all Romance writings use diacritics (in fact, they were not unknown in Latin). And the frequency of use of these signs in Neolatin is in the middle of the Romance spellings. This is certainly more than in Italian, where only 1% of the letters of a text have diacritics; but in this language the writing does not represent well the phonetic accentuation and the vowel opening. Portuguese is the opposite case: it uses these signs in 5.4% of the letters, but does not manage to specify all the open vowels. Neo-Latin has an average position: with only 3.4% of the modified letters it can already fully indicate the standard pronunciation. It is a profitable investment.

• Escrívere con <i, u> paraulas como lingua, in, musca, cun, que havevan una ĭ aut ŭ brèves en latino, aprèssa/apròpa lo vocabulario heretato de lo neolatino ad la soa lengua matre et ad los múltiples prèstetos latinos incorporatos en romance (cosí se ha en neolatino lingua, como linguística). Cuestas paraulas heredetatas pòten essere pronuntiatas, de facto, con [i, u] en neolatino, ja que lo trimbre vocàlico latino se ha conservato en sardo et rumèno (cui, solamente en lo caso de u). Non obstante, la majoritate de romances ha apèrto cuesas vocales et presènta (aut presentava en una fase anteriore) la pronuntiatione [e, o]: l[e]ngua, [e]n, m[o]sca, c[o]n 62. Cuesta èst la pronuntiatione preferíbile en neolatino, et representare-la con las grafías latinizzantes lingua, in, musca, cun complica la escriptura et èst problemàtico per que altras paraulas sí deven legere-se con [i, u], como vino, cinque, luna, fuste (havevan ī et ū
  Writing with <i, u> words such as lingua , in , musca , cun , which had a short ĭ aut ŭ in Latin, learns/brings the vocabulary inherited from Neo-Latin to its mother tongue and to the multiple Latin loanwords incorporated into Romance (as it is in Neolatin language , as linguistics ). These inherited words can be pronounced, in fact, with [i, u] in Neo-Latin, since the Latin vowel sound has been preserved in Sardinian and Romanian (which, only in the case of u ). However, the majority of romances has opened vowel cues and presents (aut presented in a previous phase) the pronunciation [e, o]: l [e] ngua , [e] n , m [o] sca , c [o] n 62 . This is the preferred pronunciation in Neolatin, and represent it with the Latinizing spellings lingua , in , musca , cun complicates the writing and is problematic because other words must be read with [i, u], such as wine, five, moon, whip (had ī et ū

  
  

  59 Altrosí en achora, allhora. Però ancora/hanchora eti., aduc/adhuc eti., perquè necuna lengua romànica escrive h.
  59 Altrosi in achora, allhora. Però ancora/hanchora eti., aduc/adhuc eti., perquè necuna Romance language writes h.

  60 Mais cuesto, cuesso, cuello, con <c> etimològica, conservata en francese et rumèno.
  60 More cuesto, cuesso, cuello, con etymological, preserved in French and Romanian.

  61 En italiano, qualques accèntos graficos son optionales. Et non se distingue (altronon fonèticamente) entre crociare
  61 In Italian, some graphic accents are optional. And do not distinguish (alternately phonetically) between cruise

  et edificio.you building

  62 Cuestos romances pòten presentare evolutiones ulteriores. Et en casos como Ita. in, lingua, la i aut u presènte actualemente non èst una preservatione de la vocale latina, mais una clausura de una e aut o anteriores. En aurecla, sete, etc. lo italiano sí presènta la soa solutione regulare.
  62 Cuestos romances can present further evolutions. And in cases like Ita. in, lingua , the i aut u present currently is not a preservation of the Latin vowel, but a closure of an e aut or previous. In ear, thirst , etc. the Italian does present its regular solution.

  longas en latino). Cuesto affècta moltas paraulas. Donque, la escriptura preferíbile èst con <e, o>63.
  longas in Latino). This affects many words. Therefore, the preferred script is con 63.

• Lo uso tanto de <œ, æ> quanto de <y, ph, th, ch, rh> non èst necessario en neolatino: son irrelevantes fonèticamente (excèpto <ch> por lo rumèno, mais solamente en una parte de las paraulas: Neo. anarchía, Rum. anarhie vs. Neo. anachrònico, Rum. anacronic) et lo soo uso èst minoritario (solamente en francese, et non de manaria sistemàtica: Neo. rhetòrica, Fra. rhetorique vs. Neo. rhythmo, Fra. rythme). Non obstante, pòten essere usatas ad placere per lo usuario neolatino. De facto, son usatas en altras lenguas europèas, como lo anglese et lo alemanno.
  The use of both < œ, æ > and < y, ph, th, ch, rh > is not necessary in Neolatin: they are phonetically irrelevant (except <ch> for Romanian, but only in part of the words: Neo anarchía , Rum anarhie vs. Neo anachronico , Rum anachronic ) and its use is minority ( only in French, and not of systematic manner : Neo. . However, they can be used ad pleasure by the Neo-Latin user. In fact, they are used in other European languages, such as English and German.

• La conservatione de la grafía <h> èst anacrònica en romance, cèrtamente. De facto, ja en latino se perdeu cueste sòno, et lo italiano ja prescinde quasi complètamente de la léttera. Non obstante, en neolatino la variante con <h> (humano, inhumano, deshonesto) èst prioritaria perque èst majoritaria en romance, specialemente en prèstetos (en paraulas heredetatas, las lenguas romànicas escriven <h> en approximatamente lo 50% de los casos). En plus, èst una escriptura diasistemàtica con altras familias indoeuropèas (havere, como anglese have, alemanno haben) et internationale.
  The conservation of the grapheme is anachronistic in Romance, certainly. In fact, even in Latin this sound was lost, and Italian almost completely disregards the letter. Nevertheless, in Neo-Latin the variant with (humano, inhumano, deshonesto) is prioritized because it is predominant in Romance, especially in loanwords (in inherited words, Romance languages write in approximately 50% of cases). Furthermore, it is a diasystematic writing with other Indo-European families (havere, like English have, German haben) and international.

  Non obstante, hi ha exceptiones entre los compòstos. Mèntre la relatione entre antehère et hère èst evidènte, altros compòstos ja non son perceptos como tales. Si, en plus, la escriptura con <h> èst rara en las lenguas romànicas, ja non èst recommandàbile en neolatino:
  However, there are exceptions among compounds. While the relationship between antehère and iron is obvious, other compounds are no longer perceived as such. If, in addition, the writing with <h> is rare in the Romance languages, it is no longer recommended in Neolatin:

  • Lat. HANC HORAM, HAC HORA, AD ILLAM HORAM, ADHUC > Neo. ancora, acora, allora, aduc. Los romances generalemente non presèntan <h> en cuestas paraulas (solo Cas. ahora, onde, non obstante, manca la prima h). En plus, con la escriptura hanchora, hachora, allhora, adhuc, las paraulas serevan pauco reconoscíbiles en neolatino.
    Lat. HANC HORAM, HAC HORA, AD ILLAM HORAM, ADHUC > Neo. ancora, acora, allora, aduc. Romances generally do not present in these words (only Cas. ahora, where, however, the initial is missing). Furthermore, with the writing hanchora, hachora, allhora, adhuc, the words would be little recognizable in Neo-Latin.

  • Lat. ECCUM HIC > cui, non *cuhi. Los romances non consèrvan la <h> en cuesto compòsto (Por. aqui, Cas., Cat. aquí, Ita. qui). En plus, favorisce la pronuntiatione actuale con diptòngo.
    Lat. ECCUM HIC > cui, non *cuhi. Romances do not preserve the in this compound (Por. here, Cas., Cat. here, Italy here). In addition, it favors the current pronunciation with diphthong.

  • Lat. AD HIC / IBI > adí, non *adhí. En cuesta paraula convèrgen doos ètimos, uno con <h> et uno altro sene: HIC (en Cas. ahí ) et IBI (en Por. aí ). En plus, una escriptura sene <h> èst sistemàtica con cui.
    Lat. AD HIC / IBI > adí , non * adhí . In cuesta word two etymons converge, one with <h> and one altro sene: HIC (in Cas. ahí ) and IBI (in Por. aí ). In addition, a writing sene <h> is systematic con cui.

• ja, jorno, majjore, mèjjo sont preferíbiles ad gîam, gîorno, maggîore, mèggîo per que la majoritate (5/6) de romances consèrvan la grafía <j>, quanto menos en prèstetos latinos:
  already, day, major, best are preferable to gîam, day, greatest, best because the majority (5/6) of romances preserve the spelling , the less in Latin loans:

  • JUSTITITA → Por. justiça, Cas. justicia, Cat. justícia, Fra. justice, Rum. justiţie (vs. Ita. giustizia).
    JUSTICE → Por. justice, Cas. justice, Cat. justice, Bro. justice, Rom. justice (vs. Ita. giustizia).

    En plus, la grafía <j-> permette una doble lectura, [ʤ] et [ʒ]. Ambodoas pronuntiationes son possíbiles en neolatino.
    In addition, the grapheme allows for a double reading, [ʤ] and [ʒ]. Both pronunciations are possible in Neo-Latin.

• En lo caso de paraulas como kilogramma vs. chilogramma, las lenguas romànicas se mòstran divisas, sene una clara majoritate.
  In the case of words like kilogram vs. chilogram, Romance languages show divergence, without a clear majority.

  • Por. quilograma, Cat. quilogram, Ita. chilogrammo vs. Cas. kilogramo,
    Per. kilogram, Cat. kilogram, Ita. kilogram vs. Cas. kilogram.

    Fra. kilogramme, Rum. kilogram.Kilogram.

    Non obstante, la grafía etimològica èst plus internationale: anglese kilogramm,
    Notwithstanding, the etymological spelling is more international: English kilogram.

    alemanno Kilogramm.
    German kilogram.

    
    

    63 Hi èst una alternativa, propòsta per Francisco Piquer: lìngua, mùsca, în, cûn (<`> en vocale tònica, <^> àtona). Cuesto sistèma ha uno avantagge importante: permette tanto la lectura majoritaria quanto la sarda (èst, donque, una escriptura englobante). Non obstante, complicaría la escriptura ad totos los usuarios et multiplicaría lo uso de signos diacríticos, causas que securamente non placen ad necuno.
    Hi, this is an alternative proposed for Francisco Piquer: language, music, in, with (<`> in tonic vowel, <^> unstressed). This system has an important advantage: it allows both majority reading and Sardinian (it is, therefore, an inclusive writing). However, it would complicate writing for all users and multiply the use of diacritical marks, which certainly do not please anyone.

• quattro, quinto sont preferíbiles ad cuattro, cuinto perque la majoritate (4/6) de romàneces consèrvan la grafía <qu>, quanto menos en prèstetos latinos:
  quattro, quinto are preferable to cuattro, cuinto because the majority (4/6) of Romanians preserve the spelling , the less in Latin loans:

  • AQUATICUS → Por. aquático, Cat. aquàtic, Fra. aquatique, Ita. acquatico (vs. Cas. acuático, Rum.
    AQUATICUS → By. aquatic, Cat. aquàtic, Fra. aquatique, Ita. acquatico (vs. Cas. aquatico, Rum.

    acvatic).

  • FREQUENTE(M) → Por., Ita. frequente, Cat. freqüent, Fra. fréquent (vs. Cas. frecuente, Rum.
    FREQUENT(M) → Por., Ita. frequent, Cat. freqüent, Fra. fréquent (vs. Cas. frecuente, Rum.

    frecvent).frequent).

• sexanta èst preferíbile ad secsanta per que la majoritate (5/6) de romances consèrvan la grafía
  sixty is preferable to sixty because the majority (5/6) of romances preserve the spelling

  <x>, quanto menos en prèstetos latinos:
  , the less in Latin loans:

  • CONVEXUS → por., cas. convexo, cat., rum. convex, fra. convexe (vs. ita. convesso).

• La grafía <ts> transcribe claramente lo sòno [ʦ]. Èst usata en arumèno: fortsã, bratsu, dultse ‘dolce’, etc. Altras lenguas romànicas la usan altrosí, en prèstetos exòticos como tsar, tsunami, tsetsé, tsuga, etc. En neolatino, se usa tanto en cuestos prèstetos quanto en las relativamente paucas paraulas heredetatas de lo latino que presènta(va)n lo sòno en romance generalemente (fòrtsa, altsare, avantsare, etc.), onde provène de la sequèntia latinovulgare [-tj-], entre altros orígines.
  The spelling <ts> clearly transcribes the sound [ʦ] It is used in Armenian: fortsã , bratsu , dultse 'sweet', etc. Other Romance languages ​​use it otherwise, in exotic loans such as tsar , tsunami , tsetse , tsuga , etc. In Neo-Latin, it is used both in borrowed cases and in the relatively few words inherited from Latin that present the sound in Romance generally ( strong, altsare, avantsare, etc.), where it comes from the Latinovulgare sequence [-tj -], among other origins.

  En los prèstetos ad lo latino, las lenguas romànicas transcriven lo sòno [ʦ]64 con las grafías que, en las respectivas ortografías, se legen (aut se legevan) [ʦ]: <c, ç, ţ, z>. En plus, lo francese presènta altrosí la grafía etimològica <t>.
  In the loans from Latin, the Romance languages transcribe the sound [ʦ] with the spellings that, in their respective orthographies, are read (or were read) [ʦ]: . Additionally, French also presents the etymological spelling .

  POR Please provide the source text you would like to have translated.	tradiçãotradition	terciáriotertiary	sentençasentence	negociadornegotiator
  CAS	tradicióntradition	terciariotertiary	sentenciasentence	negociadornegotiator
  CAT	tradiciótradition	terciaritertiary	sentènciasentence	negociadornegotiator
  FRA	tradition	tertiairetertiary	sentence	négociateurnegotiator
  ITA Please provide the source text you would like me to translate.	tradizionetradition	terziariotertiary	sentenzasentence	negoziatorenegotiator
  RUM	tradiţietradition	terţiartertiary	sentinţăsentence	negociatornegotiator

  
  

  Applicando los mesmos procedimèntos, en neolatino cuestos prèstetos latinos pòten essere escriptos regularemente con <ts> (oratsione, sentèntsia, dictsionario) aut conservando la grafía latina (oratione, sentèntia, dictionario). La seconda optione, malgrado essere minoritaria en romance actuale (en italiano antico èra normale), pare preferíbile en neolatino, ja que la grafía <ts> non èst usata per necuna lengua romànica (solamente lo sardo presènta una escriptura comparàbile, <tz>: dictzionàriu, giustìtzia) et affècta uno vasto gruppo de paraulas.
  Applying the same procedures, in Neo-Latin, Latin loanwords can be regularly written with (oratsione, sentèntsia, dictsionario) or by preserving the Latin spelling (oratione, sentèntia, dictionario). The second option, although being minority in current Romance languages (it was normal in Old Italian), seems preferable in Neo-Latin, since the spelling is not used in any Romance language (only Sardinian presents a comparable spelling, : dictzionàriu, giustìtzia) and affects a vast group of words.

• La grafía <dz> transcribe claramente lo sòno [ʣ]. Èst usata en arumèno: prãndzu ‘prandzo’, ordzu ‘hòrdzo’, dzer ‘gèlo’, etc. Altras lenguas romànicas la usan altrosí, en prèstetos exòticos como dzong, dzihunia, etc. En neolatino, se usa tanto en cuestos prèstetos quanto en las relativamente paucas paraulas heredetatas de lo latino que presènta(va)n lo sòno en romance generalemente (admòrdzo, verdza, hòrdzo, prandzo, vercondza), onde provène de la sequèntia latinovulgare [dj] pòs consonante.
  The spelling <dz> clearly transcribes the sound [ʣ] It is used in Armenian: prãndzu 'prandzo', ordzu 'hòrdzo', dzer 'ice', etc. Other Romance languages ​​use it otherwise, in exotic loans such as dzong , dzihunia , etc. In Neo-Latin, it is used both in loanwords and in the relatively few words inherited from Latin that present the sound in Romance generally ( admòrdzo , verdza , hòrdzo , prandzo , vercondza ), where it comes from the Latin vulgar sequence [dj ] then consonant.

  Los prèstetos grecolatinos con zèta han, en neolatino, tanto la pronuntiatione [z, zz] (majoritaria) quanto [ʣ, dʣ], en plus de [dʤ] en la variante populare de lo suffixo (cortejjare, guerrejjare, verdejjare) (ved. plus en alto lo motivo):
  The Greco-Latin borrowings with zèta have, in Neo-Latin, both the pronunciation [z, zz] (majority) as much as [ʣ, dʣ], in addition to [dʤ] in the popular variant of the suffix ( cortejjare , guerrejjare , verdejjare ) (see plus above the reason):

  • [z, zz] se escrive sene problemas con <z> (zèta, zoo, zona, etc.) aut <zz> (en lo sufixo verbale –izz, como en organizzare).
    [z, zz] is written without problems with (zeta, zoo, zone, etc.) or (in the verbal suffix –izz, as in organizzare).

  • [ʣ, dʣ]

    
    

    64 Lo sòno [ʦ] non exsisteva en latino clàssico, mais sí en la pronuntiatione medievale et posteriore.
    64 The sound [ʦ] did not exist in classical Latin, but it did in medieval and later pronunciation.

    • Cuesta pronuntiatione pòte essere escripta con la grafía traditionale <z / zz>. Non obstante, collide con lo uso de <z> por [z] en qualques prèstetos non latinos né grècos, como bazar (< Per bāzār), zèro (< Ita zero < Lat zephĭrum, adaptatione de lo àrabo ṣifr). Altrosí en zebra, proveniènte de lo iberoromànico65.
      This pronunciation can be written with the traditional spelling <z / zz>. However, it collides with the use of <z> by [z] in some non-Latin or Greek loans, such as bazar (< Per bāzār ), zero (< Ita zero < Lat zephĭrum , adaptation of the Arabic ṣifr ) . Altrosí in zebra , coming from the Ibero-Romance 65 .

    • Una alternativa èst una grafía regulare con <dz> (dzona, dzèta, dzoo, etc.). Non obstante, èst rara en las lenguas romànicas: appare principalemente en lo catalano –itzar et en la paraula Por. dzero/Cas. dsero (lo nome de la léttera grèca).
      An alternative is a regular spelling with (dzona, dzèta, dzoo, etc.). However, it is rare in Romance languages: it mainly appears in Catalan –itzar and in the word Por. dzero/Cas. dsero (the name of the Greek letter).

• Sopre et, aut, ad, ved. § 3.3.4 Refortsamènto foneticosintàctico.
  Above and, or, to, see. § 3.3.4 Phonetic-syntactic reinforcement.

• Lo vèrbo èssere –como altrosí havere– èst uno vèrbo molto irregulare et con formas cortas, per que se usa frequèntemente. La 3ª persona singulare de lo presènte de indicativo, que èra est [ɛst] en latino, presènta en neolatino doas formas
  The verb to be – like also to have – is a very irregular verb and has short forms, which is why it is used frequently. The 3rd person singular of the present indicative, which was est [ɛst] in Latin, presents in Romance languages two forms.

  • èst [ɛst], forma conservatrice correpondènte ad Cas., Cat. [es], Fra. [ɛt] lia. et Rum. ['jeste];
    is [ɛst], a conservative form corresponding to Cas., Cat. [es], Fra. [ɛt] lia. and Rum. ['jeste];

  • è [ɛ], forma redocta correspondènte ad Por., Fra., Ita. [ɛ], Rum. [je]. Èst sistemàtica con la caduta de la –t en las tèrtsas personas, majoritaria en romance et preferènte en neolatino. Non obstante, ha uno còrpo mínimo, causa que pòte difficultare la soa identificatione.
    è [ɛ], reduced form corresponding to Por., Fra., Ita. [ɛ], Rum. [laughs]. It is systematic with the fall of -t in the third person, mostly in Romance and preferred in Neo-Latin. However, it has a minimal body, which can make its identification difficult.

    Independèntemente de la pronuntia [ɛ] aut [ɛst], en neolatino èst preferíbile la escriptura
    Regardless of the pronunciation [ɛ] or [ɛst], in Neo-Latin it is preferable to use the spelling.

    <èst>, que face la paraula plus identificàbile, gratias ad lo facto que la forma latina èst ancora conoscuta.
    , which makes the word more identifiable, thanks to the fact that the Latin form is still known.

• La [-w-] de la sequèntias latinas [kw] et [gw] se consèrva ante e, i en neolatino, ja que èst la forma englobante:
  The [-w-] of the Latin sequences [kw] and [gw] is conserved before and, i in Neolatin, since it is the inclusive form:

  • Neo. quercîa, cinque, quíndece, sequire (Ita. quercia, cinque, quindici, seguire)
    Neo. oak, five, fifteen, follow

  • Neo., Ita. sangue, anguilla.
    Neo., Ita. blood, eel.